A&p 1

Front 1

Which phase does the chromosomes separate and begin moving to opposite ends (poles) of the cell?

Back 1

Anaphase

Front 2

Which phase of mitosis does cytokinesis occur?

Back 2

Telophase

Front 3

In the presents of oxygen the first stage of respiration is?

Back 3

Glycolysis

Front 4

What enzyme is necessary for DNA synthesis?

Back 4

DNA Polymerase

Front 5

The lock and key hypothesis is used for the mechanism of?

Back 5

Enzyme Specification

Front 6

The greatest amount of energy is released by the?

Back 6

Oxidation of glucose

Front 7

Which of the following best describes the DNA strand?

Back 7

Antiparallel

Front 8

Which of the following enzymes will dissolve fat?

Back 8

Lipase

Front 9

DNA replicatoin results in?

Back 9

Two DNA molecules that each include one of the original strands

Front 10

The net yield ATP in fermentation (lactic acid build) is?

Back 10

2

Front 11

Which group of organic compounds includes the enzymes?

Back 11

Proteins

Front 12

A stretch of chromosome that codes for a protein is a?

Back 12

Gene

Front 13

What is the final product of cellular respiration? Acceptor?

Back 13

Water ; Oxygen

Front 14

In glycolysis each molecule of glucose is broken down into?

Back 14

Pyruvic acid

Front 15

Glucose and _________ are consumed during cellular respiration?

Back 15

Oxygen

Front 16

In the ladder anology, the DNA molecule is made up of?

Back 16

Nitrogenous Bases

Front 17

The backbone of the DNA molecule is joined together by?

Back 17

Sugar and phosphate portions of the nucleotide

Front 18

The part of the enzyme molecule in which the substrate fits is called?

Back 18

Active site

Front 19

Enzymes influence chemical reactions in living systems by?

Back 19

Affections the rate at which the reactions occur

Front 20

Most of the ATP produced is generated from the phosphorylation of?

Back 20

NADA and FADH

Front 21

Which process yields lactic acid in small amounts?

Back 21

Anaerobic respiration

Front 22

Why is DNA replication important?

Back 22

A cells DNA must be duplicated so each new cell receives the same DNA

Front 23

__________ are vitamins essential for the survival of organisms?

Back 23

Co enzymes

Front 24

At high temperatures the rate of enzyme action decreases because the increased heat?

Back 24

Alters the active site of the enzyme

Front 25

At the end of cellular respiration how much ATP is produced?

Back 25

38

Front 26

Which chemical is classified as an enzyme?

Back 26

Whatever ends in ASE

Front 27

All cells spend about 90% in this phase of mitosis?

Back 27

Interphase

Front 28

Which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell?

Back 28

Metaphase

Front 29

Why will a certain enzyme hydrolize egg whites but not starch?

Back 29

Enzymes are specific in their reactions

Front 30

The sugar in RNA is ________ and the sugar in DNA is ________?

Back 30

Ribose ; Deoxiribose

Front 31

What energy is needed to start a chemical reaction?

Back 31

Activation energy

Front 32

Upon entering the mitochondria, pyruvic acid molecules are changed into?

Back 32

Acetyl CoA

Front 33

The enzyme DNA polymerase is mostly in which phase?

Back 33

S phase

Front 34

With out oxygen glycolysis allows cells to make small amounts of ATP through?

Back 34

Fermentation

Front 35

Which statement best describes cellular respiration?

Back 35

Converts energy and food into a usable form

Front 36

In which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope break down?

Back 36

Prophase

Front 37

Which of the following bases pairs with adenine in RNA?

Back 37

Uricil

Front 38

Which of the following must happen first for DNA synthesis?

Back 38

DNA must unwind

Front 39

The by-products of ________ are ketone bodies?

Back 39

Fat metabolism

Front 40

Anaerobic respiration occurs in what part of the cell?

Back 40

Cytoplasm

Front 41

Dehydration synthesis of proteins would involve?

Back 41

Amino acids become joined together

Front 42

What is the importance of ATP molecules to cellular processes?

Back 42

They provide energy for cellular work when the terminal, high-energy bond is broken?

Front 43

The different length of DNA segments are separated by?

Back 43

Electrophoresis- Electrical current is run through the gel

Front 44

DNA segments are ________ charged so the fragments run to the ________ pole of the gel?

Back 44

Negatively ; Positive

Front 45

Small DNA fragments move ______ and large ones move ______?

Back 45

Fast ; Slow

Front 46

What is Recombinant DNA technology?

Back 46

- Recombining two different sources of DNA to create new DNA
-Source DNA contains the gene of interest
-Host DNA that will be opened up to allow insertion of source DNA

Front 47

What is DNA cloning/Gene cloning?

Back 47

Replication of a single source gene using a vector containing the DNA which is taken up by a bacteria. Every time the bacteria replicates a new copy of the DNA is made resulting in large quantities.

Front 48

What is Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer?

Back 48

1. Take an unfertilized egg from a sheep
2. Enucleate the cell (remove the DNA)
3. Take cells from udder of an adult sheep (soon to be clone)
*Nucleus of somatic cell gives genetic material and the egg provides nutrients and other materials*
4. Fuse udder cell with the egg cell with a spark of electricity promoting mitosis
5. Transplant divided embryo into surrogate mother

Front 49

What is Gene Replacement Therapy?

Back 49

Replacing a normal gene with an abnormal gene. Using a vector delivery system, insert the gene into a virus, attenuate virus (so it wont cause sickness) and delivery it to the host through IV, IM or aerosol.

Front 50

What are transgenic animals?

Back 50

Animals that carry a foreign gene deliberately inserted into its genome used to study diseases.

Front 51

What is Pre-Implantation Gene Diagnosis (PGD)?

Back 51

Procedure intended to weed out genetically defective embryos before they have a chance to develop.

Front 52

What is Cytoplasmic Transfer?

Back 52

Injection of a small amount of a younger cytoplasm from a donor egg into the patients egg overcoming deficiencies that may exist while retaining the patients genetic material.

Front 53

What are Embryonic stem cells? What is pluripotent?

Back 53

A cell line is created by extracting cells from an embryo and under the right conditions, cells will replicate ; Under the proper chemical cues the cells can develop into all cell types in the body.

Front 54

What are adult stem cells?

Back 54

Cells that are not specialized but found in specialized tissue. Capable of renewal, found in adults children and umbilical cords.

Front 55

What is the portion of the DNA molecule that contains genetic information for a particular protein called?

Back 55

A gene

Front 56

What is the complete set of genetic instructions in a cell called?

Back 56

Genome

Front 57

What are introns? Exons? Telomers?

Back 57

Segments of DNA which do not code for anything ; Coding segments ; Repetitive DNA sequences found at the ends of the chromosomes.

Front 58

Interphase

Back 58

-G1 G2 and S phase
-S phase is when the DNA replicates and G1 and G2 other organelles replicate
-Longest phase/cell growth

Front 59

Prophase

Back 59

-Chromosomes condense from chomatin
-Centrioles replicate and move to the poles.
-Nuclear membrane breaks down
-Spindle forms

Front 60

Metaphase

Back 60

-Chromosomes align in the center of the cell
-Spindle fibers attach to contromers

Front 61

Anaphase

Back 61

-Spindle fibers contract
-Chromosomes move to the opposite poles

Front 62

Telophase

Back 62

-Nuclear envelope reforms
-Chromosomes unwind into chromatin
-Separate cell forms

Front 63

What is nuclear division called?

Back 63

Karyokinese

Front 64

What is the division of the cytoplasm called?

Back 64

Cytokinesis

Front 65

Two major types of genes that cause cancer are ________ and ________?

Back 65

Oncogenes (activate genes that increase cell division) and tumor suppressor genes (hold mitosis in check)

Front 66

What is programmed cell death called?

Back 66

Apoptosis

Front 67

What is cell death due to injury or lack of nutrients called?

Back 67

Necrosis

Front 68

What is anabolism?

Back 68

-Building up reaction
-Occurs through dehydration synthesis
-Energy input/taking water out

Front 69

What is catabolism?

Back 69

-Break down reaction
-Occurs through hydrolysis
-Energy release/putting water in

Front 70

What are cofactors?

Back 70

Inorganic ions such as copper zinc or iron.

Front 71

What are Coenzymes?

Back 71

Small organic molecules often vitamins.

Front 72

What is the process of adding a phosphate to anything?

Back 72

Phosphorylation

Front 73

Glycolysis

Back 73

-Occurs in the cytoplasm
-Converts 6-carbon glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules
-Does not require oxygen

Front 74

What happens if no oxygen is present after pyruvic acid is made?

Back 74

The pyruvic acid is turned into lactic acid causing fatigue, cramping and ATP production declines.

Front 75

Citric acid Cycle (Krebs)

Back 75

Produce ATP NADH+ and FADH2

Front 76

Electron Tansport Chain

Back 76

-Occurs on the cristae
-H+ ions are carried by NADH and FADH and hold chemical energy
-Electron energy in transferred to ATP

Front 77

What is the kidney function test?

Back 77

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)