Antropology

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Anthropology four subfields

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Cultural Anthropology

Archaeology Anthropology

Biological Anthropology

Linguistic Anthropology

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Cultural Anthropology

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The study of human society and cultural; One of the sub-fields that describes, analyzes, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences.

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Archaeology Anthropology

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Reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains.

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Biological Anthropology

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The study of human biological diversity in time and space.

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Linguistic Anthropology

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Study of language in its social and cultural context across time and space.

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Cultural

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Traditions and customs, transmitted through learning, that form and guide the belief and behaviors of the people exposed to them.

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Human Capacities for biological and cultural adaptations

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1. Form of adaptations such as technologies is a type of adaptation that is cultural.

Examples: Airplane being pressurized with oxygen masks.

2. Form of adaptations such as genetic adaptation is biological.

Example: Larger "barrel chest" of native highlanders, to allow for them to live in the high altitudes.

3. Long term physiological adaptations(occurs over time) is biological.

Example: More efficient respiratory systems to extract oxygen from the "thin air".

4. Short term physiological adaptations(occurs over very short term, doesn't change a organism).

Examples: Increased heart rate, hyperventilation for taking in more oxygen and pump it faster.

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American anthropology's relationship with Native Americans

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Interest in native american origins, history, diversity had brought together studies of customs, social life, language, and physical traits in the 19th century.

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Importance of a cross-cultural and comparative perspective

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Cross-cultural and comparative perspectives are needed because of anthropologists can't learn about human nature from a single culture. The use of comparing multiple cultures helps illustrate human nature.

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What type of societies do anthropologists study?

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Typically poor and powerless societies are studied. However any society is fair game.

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Ethnography

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Fieldwork in a particular culture; provides an account of community, society, and culture.

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Ethnology

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Comparative, cross-culture study of ethnographic(collected data) of society and culture.

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Psychic unity of a man

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Individuals vary in emotions and intellectual tendencies and capacities, all human populations have the equivalent capacities for culture. An argument in the 19th century.

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Clifford Geertz

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Cultural is ideas based on cultural learning and symbols. Cultural is learn through direct instructions or observations.

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Symbol

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Signs that have no necessary or natural connection with things for which they shared

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How is culture shared?

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Cultural is learned through symbols; Language, and observations.

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American culture

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American culture is no appreciate of culture because of ideas, such as individualism. Also ethnocentrism; Thinking that one cultural is superior and applying ones own cultural views to judge.

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Culture as a guide for meeting biological urges?

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Teaches us to express them in particular ways. Our culture-and cultural changes-affect ways in which we perceive nature, human nature, and "the natural".

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Culture as adaptive or maladaptive

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Humans have both biological and cultural ways of coping with environmental stresses.

Adaptive Biological example: Shivering when cold.

Adaptive Cultural example: The use of tools, or technologies. Even creating friends, for psychological needs. "Helping others or yourself through others to deal with environmental stress: Sharing pool"

Maladaptive Cultural example: The use of air condition that deplete the ozone layer and is harmful to the group. Overpopulation, policies, pollution.

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Diffusion

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Borrowing of cultural traits between societies

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Subcultures

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Different cultural traditions associated with subgroups in the same nation.

Identifiable cultural patterns existing within a larger culture.

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Cultural universals

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Something that exists in every cultural. Form of communication?

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Ethnocentrism

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Judging other cultures using one's own cultural standards.

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Cultural Relativism

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To know another culture requires full understanding of its members' beliefs and motivations.

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Human rights

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Rights based on justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions.

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Enculturation

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The process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations.