Antropology 200 Final

Front 1

1. What is adaptation?

Back 1

Stressor plus homeostasis

Front 2

2. What are some levels of adaptation?

Back 2

Cultural: clothing
Acclimation/ acclimatization - short term changes that occur quickly.
Genetic- Very long term.

Front 3

3. What causes variation in skin colour?

Back 3

Hemoglobin, carotene, melanin, - produced in melanocytes
shows clinical distribution, selective preasure for darker skin.

Front 4

How are they distributed around the world?

Back 4

Clines- allele frequency over a geographical space.

Front 5

5. What is the function of melanin?

Back 5

Blocks UV rays. prevents skin cancer.

Front 6

6. What is the Vitamin D hypothesis?

Back 6

Proper bone growth and mineralization. .

Front 7

Folic acid hypothesis? Rickets?

Back 7

Hypervitaminosis and Hypovitaminosis leads to bowed legs and pelvic deformitites.

Front 8

8. Osteomalacia?

Back 8

Adults) Collapsed vertebreau.

Front 9

9. Describe the distribution of lactose intolerance.

Back 9

Most people are lactose. Inability to break down lactose.

Front 10

10. What is sickle-cell anemia?

Back 10

Recessive order, point mutation, Increased production during hypoxia- causes blockages.

Front 11

What is its relationship with malarial environments?

Back 11

The heterozygous form has more normal RBC's and prevents malaria by causing blockages.

Front 12

How about other anemias?

Back 12

Type E Hemoglobin, Thalassemia, GGPD “Favism”

Front 13

13. What is Bergmann’s rule?

Back 13

Body size: In heat have smaller torsos, and in cold have larger torsos.

Front 14

Allen’s rule?

Back 14

(Appendages) In cold areas shorter appendages, in hot areas longer appendages.

Front 15

15. How is body shape related to environment?

Back 15

Body shape is made to adapt to the environment like cold areas needing to be smaller to stay warm and in hot areas people sweat less in hot areas to retain fluids better.

Front 16

16. What temporary and permanent changes are seen in population in hot environments?

Back 16

Dissipating heat, UV rays, and salt and water loss. Linear bodies, lean bodies, reduced salt content of sweat, and dark skin. Vasodilation, and restricted movement

Front 17

Cold environments?

Back 17

Short body, wide nose, raised metabolism, more subcutaneous fat. Vasoconstriction, shivering. Also do more activity, higher energy foods

Front 18

18. High altitudes?

Back 18

Solar radiation, air pressure, increased respiration and heart rate, increased production of red blood cells. Larger heart, lungs, and chest.

Front 19

19. What are some changes seen due to nutritional alterations?

Back 19

Cold areas eat more high energy foods

Front 20

20. What is the problem with the concept of race?

Back 20

It is hard to tell where people are from and the different nationalities they consist of.

Front 21

21. What is the biggest misunderstanding about IQ tests?

Back 21

It tests to people who are aware of what is going on at the time. Social and environmental influences.

Front 22

22. What term do we use today instead of “race”?

Back 22

Ethnicity.

Front 23

1. What kingdom, phylum, subphylum, class, order, suborder, superfamily, family, subfamily, genus, and species do HUMAN BEINGS belong to?

Back 23

Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Mammalia, Primates, Anthropoidea, Hominoidea, Hominidae, Homininae, Homosapiens

Front 24

2. What are 3 groups of mammals? Briefly describe them

Back 24

1. Monotremes: egg laying mammals like the Platapouse.
2. Marsupials: Pouched mammals like the Wallaby.
3. Eutherians: Placenta, environment is a strong dictator.

Front 25

3. What are mammal characteristics in terms of reproduction, body temperature, teeth, skeletal structure, glands, and brain?

Back 25

Viviparous live birth, Homeothermic-Endothermic, Heterodont (different types of teeth), mammary glands, brain increased size and complexity.

Front 26

4. What are basic primate traits?

Back 26

Modified Pentadactyly, opposable pollux (thumb) and hallux (big toe), precision grip, erect posture, generalized limb structure, prehensility in the tails in SA, generalized dentition.

Front 27

5. What is a dental formula?

Back 27

The order of Incisors, Canines, Premolars, and Molars

Front 28

What is the human dental formula?

Back 28

2,1,2,3/ 2,1,2,3

Front 29

7. What type of locomotion do primates use?

Back 29

Quardrpedalism, Brachiation, Knuckle Walking, Vertical, Bipedalism

Front 30

8. Differentiate between the traditional classification system and the alternative.
Traditional:

Back 30

Prosimi-Lemurs, Lorises, Tarsiers
Anthropoidea: Monkeys and Apes.
Biochemical: More recent.
Strepsirhini-(Wet nose) Lemurs and Lorises.
Haplorhini- (Dry nose) Monkeys, Apes and Tarsiers.

Front 31

1. What has happened to the continents in terms of location since 4.6 billion years ago?

Back 31

They have moved apart over billions of years

Front 32

2. What are the two suborders of Primates?

Back 32

Prosimians and Anthropoids.

Front 33

3. Who are the strepsirrhines? What are their traits?

Back 33

Lemurs and Lorises. Most primitive, similar to earliest primates, mark territories with scent, shorter gestation and maturation periods, dental formula 2,1,3,3.

Front 34

LEMURS: Where are they found? Name the families.

Back 34

Madagascar. Intraorder: Lemuriformes

Front 35

Which is the smallest primate? Which is the largest strepsirhine

Back 35

Mouse Lemur

Front 36

Describe the Aye-aye.

Back 36

Nocturnal, specialized middle finger that taps on trees to find hollow spot where food. Has ring around eye, lost canine and incisors changed form.

Front 37

LORISES: What are the 3 groups of lorises? How do they locomote?

Back 37

Lorises, Pottos, and Bushbabies, quadrupedal a slow cautious climbing.

Front 38

What type of predator avoidance strategies do lorises use

Back 38

Sleep huddled and discharge a toxin odor as warning, then bite

Front 39

4. Who are the haplorhines? What are their traits?

Back 39

Tarsiers, Monkeys, Apes and Humans. Have grooming claw and post orbital ring. Have better vision, body size, parental care, gestation and maturation periods, mutual grooming, and female anatomy

Front 40

TARSIERS: What is unique about them?

Back 40

No Tapedum Lucidum (reflective covering) so increased size of eyes to take in more light. Each eye weighs more than the brain, immovable eyes but head rotates 180 degrees

Front 41

PLATYRHINI: What is another name for this group? What is unique about their tail? Name the superfamily.

Back 41

New World Monkeys, they have prehensile tails which can grasp. Superfamily- Ceboidea.

Front 42

CEBOIDEA: Name the families.

Back 42

-Callitrichidae, Atelidae, Cebidae, Pithecidae

Front 43

Which are the most primitive monkey? Which family tends to have twins? Which monkey has a resonating chamber in its hyoid bone?

Back 43

-Callitrichidae- Marmosets and Tamarins most primitive and tend to have twins and two uterus. The Howler Monkey has the chamber in the hyoid bone that produces noise.

Front 44

Which is the largest platyrhine? What is schizodactyly? Which family do “organ grinder” monkeys belong to?

Back 44

-DK, being able to grab things with your 2nd and 3rd digits. Capuchin.

Front 45

How do males in this family attract females during breeding season? What is unique about squirrel monkeys? What is unique about capuchin behaviour?

Back 45

-Males gain weight during breeding season. The squirrel has a prehensile tail only during infancy. The capuchin is the only NWM known to hunt other monkeys

Front 46

CATARRHINI: Name the superfamilies. What is another name for this group?

Back 46

-Cercopithecoidea, and Hominoidea. Old World Monkeys and apes and humans.

Front 47

CERCOPITHECOIDEA: Which monkey group falls under this superfamily? (Family). Identify some traits which differentiate these from New World monkeys.

Back 47

-Guenons, Macaques, Langurs, Baboons, and Colobus. More diverse than NWM arboreal and terrestrial quadrupeds.

Front 48

Name the 2 subfamilies. Differentiate between the two. Name some macaque behaviours and what have we learned from them?

Back 48

Cercopithecinae, and Colobines. Omnivores versus leaf monkeys and specialized diets. Macaques wash their food before eating.

Front 49

HOMINOIDEA: What are their traits? Name the families and their associated traits. Name the genus and species of the great apes with their associated traits.

Back 49

-No tail, shorter trunk, modified shoulder joint. Hylobatidae- brachiation, monogamous groups, feed while hanging upside down. Pongidae- slow cautious climbers, sexual dimorphism, and frugivors. Hominidae- only living species of the family, development of cerebral cortex, and complex social behavior.

Front 50

Where are orangutans found and how many species are
alive today? How do they locomote? Which famous primatologist has studied them?

Back 50

-Found in Borneo and Sumatra, threatened by extinction. Slow catious climbers and quadrupedal locomotion. Studied by Brute Galdikas.

Front 51

Where are gorillas found (general location) and how many species are alive today? How do they locomote? Which famous primatologist has studied them?

Back 51

-Equatorial Africa, 3 sub-species close to extinction, knuckle walking, studied by Diane Fossey

Front 52

What are the differences between the two chimpanzee species? What is unique about their behaviours? Who are humans more closely related to?

Back 52

-Bonobos more linear than Common Chimp and longer legs relative to arms, smaller heads, more arboreal, and less excitable and aggressive. Bonobos copulate at any time, while Chimps have organized hunts. Probably the common chimp because of how they use tools effectively and learned behavior, organized hunts and family groups.

Front 53

1.Name the different dietary patterns seen in primates. What anatomical adaptations do they have for such diets?

Back 53

•Frugivores- eat fruit; Broad Inscisors, low rounded molar cusps, long small ints.
•Gum Eaters- plant gum eaters; Stout inscisors, claw for clinging
•Leaf Eaters- small inscisors, sharp rigid molars, complex stomach, 2 chambers to break down leaves (like cows)
•Insect eaters- Sharp teeth for insects, short simple digestive track

Front 54

2.What is the relationship between body size and diet?

Back 54

•The more calories the primate takes in the more active they are. Larger animals require more food, hence more energy to keep there body running larger animals have a higher basal metabolic rate, and have to eat more total calories per day just to stay alive

Front 55

3.Why is the Kibale forest in Uganda very important to primate studies?

Back 55

•Sympatric species- different speices in same area but occupy different niches (high trees, ground)
•Allows primatologists to study diet, anatomy, and social groups of several speices
•Many studies done here, primary focus of primatologists

Front 56

4.Name and describe different primate social groups.

Back 56

•Monogomy-1 male/1 female/offspring
•Polygyny-1 male/several females
osexual dimorphism tied into this group bc female is looking for best male
•Polygamy- multi male/multi female
oMales move around a females stay in territory
•Polyandry- 1 female/multi males

Front 57

5.What are advantages and disadvantages of group living?

Back 57

•Adv: Avoid pred. and protect resources, Long term bonds
•Disad: compete for resources, opportunity for violence

Front 58

6.What is dominance hierarchy?

Back 58

•System of social organization where everyone is ranked and one male/female imposes order where their status is measured by access to resources
•Females only interested in food/ males= food and mates

Front 59

7.How do primates communicate?

Back 59

•Yes, through intentional and unintentional behaviors such as facial expressions, vocalizations, and grooming

Front 60

8.What is the difference between aggressive social interactions and affiliative interactions?

Back 60

•Agg: Promote group disruption, during competition for desired resources, may end in peace or death
•Aff: Friendly acquaintances, promotes group unity

Front 61

10.What is the difference between K-selected species and r-selected ones?

Back 61

•K-selected- few offspring w/ increased parental care mostly primates
•r-selected- large # offspring with little parental care (fish, insects)

Front 62

11.What resources are important to male and female primates?

Back 62

•Males=food/mates
•Females=food

Front 63

12.How does sexual selection affect primates?

Back 63

•Darwin 1871: Females look for non-beneficial traits, just look at masculine/higher ranked characteristics
•Sexual behavior linked to reproduction
•Visible estrus
•Female=limiting factor b/c can only bear one offspring

Front 64

13.What reproductive strategies are used by male primates?

Back 64

1.Sexual Dimorphisms- difference in sz or characteristics of male/female
ex. Chaema Baboon- Long canines aka Honing Diastema= honing is the name for a long canine, diastema is how the tooth fits in
2.Penile Morphology- how penis is shaped or what texture it has to make reproduction successful
3.Sperm Competition

Front 65

14.What is the basic social unit in primate groups?

Back 65

•Mother and Infants

Front 66

15.What have we learned from Harlow’s experiments?

Back 66

•The mother/infant bond is the strongest relationship between any two ind.
•Harlow= psychologists in 50/60’s who studied the importance of maternal bond
•Proved that the maternal instinct is a myth and its actually a learned behavior

Front 67

16.What is alloparenting and what are its benefits?

Back 67

•An Indv other than the mother takes care of the offspring
•Teaches parenting to a younger indv, and increases the chances that the offspring will be adopted by another family
•Makes helpers for mom, such as other males
•Increases group cohesion

Front 68

1.Hominids first appear:

Back 68

•during the Pliocene epoch (5-1.7 mya) and Pleistocene epoch (1.7-0.01 mya)

Front 69

2.Identify characteristics of the family Hominidae.

Back 69

•Homo sapiens sapiens
•only living species of the family
•primate heritage shown in body structure
•Development of cerebral cortex
•Reliance learned behavior
•Complex social behavior
•Bi pedal locomotion

Front 70

3.What are some theories about development of bipedalism?

Back 70

•To avoid predators, making/using tools, food attainment, temperature resolution

Front 71

4.Name the different genus of the subfamily australopithecine

Back 71

•Gracile australopithecine,
Robust australopitchecine

Front 72

5.Which australopithecine genus is definitely known to be bipedal

Back 72

•Gracile- “Lucy” & “Footprints

Front 73

6.Name the different species of genus Australopithecus. How are they grouped

Back 73

•A. aethiopicus- Kenya, 410 cc, 2.5-2.7 mya
•A. boisei- East Africa,2.2-1.3 mya, biggest Austra.
•A robustus- South Africa, 2 mya, small cc

Front 74

What is the difference between the two groups

Back 74

•gracile= smaller teeth and skull than later forms
•afrarensis=smaller lower xtremity, sexual dimorphism, U shape dental arcade
•africanus= prognathic face, sexual di, bipedal

Front 75

8Who is “Lucy”? Where was she found and by whom? What is her significance

Back 75

•D. Johanson, 1974 in Etheopia
•Young female, semi-complete
•Bipedalism developed before brain expansion

Front 76

9.What is “Footprints”? Where were they found and by whom? What is its significance?

Back 76

•M. Leakey, 1947 in Tanzania
•Footprints found in volcanic ash, one male, one female
•Proved bipedalism

Front 77

10.Who is “Taung Baby”? Where was it found, by whom, and when? What is its significance?

Back 77

•deBruyn & Taung, 1924, S. Africa
•juvenile ape, endocast (impression of brain inside skull)
•First child specimen identified

Front 78

11.Which is the most robust form of australopithecine?

Back 78

•A. boisei

Front 79

12.What is the “Black Skull”? Who found it and where?

Back 79

•A. aethipoicus, found by Walker 1985
•Found in West Lake Turkana, Kenya

Front 80

1.What are trends seen in this genus with respect to cranial capacity, face size, teeth, and face size?

Back 80

•Increase in brain size and complexity, facial reduction: no protrusion, bones=smaller
•refinement of bipedalism: better setup
•refinement of hands and finger bones: manipulate objects
•better proportion of brain to body size
•decrease in teeth size decrese in sexual di.

Front 81

2. What are some traits of H. habilis? What tool technology is associated with them? How would you describe their tools? What do they use the tools for?

Back 81

• Increase in cc ~ 590 710
• Reduced post canine tooth sz
• Presence of precision griptool making
• Olduwan tools: from Olduavie George, Africa- “tool kit” simple stone tools used for cutting and chopping made from broken pieces of lava or quartz, core with a cut edge

Front 82

3.What are some theories of tool use

Back 82

•Regular pattern, made of non-local stones, associated with bones having cut marks, occur w/ human habitation, made w/ suitable material
•Acess to unaccesable foods or weapon use

Front 83

4.What is the connection between H. habilis and H. rudolfensis?

Back 83

•H. rudolfensis may be another species of H. habilis, but with differences such as teeth sz, supraorbital ridge, and squared maxilla

Front 84

5. Describe H. ergaster? What tool technology is it associated with?

Back 84

•More modern form, rounded cranium, supraorbital ridge, teeth reduced in sz,
•Acheulean Tools

Front 85

6.Who is “Turkana Boy”/ “Nariokotome Boy”?\

Back 85

•H. ergaster, found by Walker & R. Leakey, West Turkana, Kenya
•1.6 mya *90% complete, exceptionally tall, hips adapted to running long distances, 880cc

Front 86

7. Describe H. erectus? What series of firsts are they known for? What tool technology is associated with them? How would you describe their tools? What do they use their tools for?

Back 86

•First: to leave Africa, to live o/s tropical areas, modern body proportions, look like humans today
•Chopper tool: 2 faced tool more sophisticated, used to hunt wild game

Front 87

8.Provide some physical traits of H. erectus. Provide some sites.

Back 87

•Upright walking man, not 1st but earlier walking
•Primitive traits: large browridge, flat parietal bones, no chin
•Derived traits: thick cranial bones, sagittal keel( lump on back of head)
• Dental reduction in size, not #, parabolic teeth shape (like square not U)
•Shovel shape insicors, occipital torus

Front 88

9.Who is “Peking man”?

Back 88

Home erectus, found by F. Weidenrich, 500 kya, showed use of fire, eating/hunting of large game

Front 89

10.What is controversial about H. heidelbergensis? (“Rhodesian man” is an example of this species)

Back 89

if it is combined with Homo erectus and modern traits of humans or its own species

Front 90

1.Describe transitional H. sapiens? Identify some traits

Back 90

Homo heidelbergenis, found in heidelberg, Germany, archaic homo sapiens, 800 kya, brains only 10% smaller than modern humans, but different in appearence. Low brow ridge and low forehead, elongated skull to the back

Front 91

4.Who is “Cro-Magnon man”?

Back 91

One of the first homo sapien sapien found in France in a cave with 5 other men

Front 92

5.What tool type is associated with early modern humans

Back 92

blade tool tech, sharp and parallel, made of bone, wood, ivory, soft-hammer technique

Front 93

6.What is an atlatl

Back 93

spear thrower, power and distance increased, enabled big game hunting