Antr 350 Exam 2 (2)

Front 1

What part of the brain is the spinal cord continuous with?

Back 1

Medulla oblongata

Front 2

Where does the spinal cord begin?

Back 2

Foramen magnum

Front 3

At what level of vertebra does the spinal cord end?

Back 3

L1 or L2

Front 4

Which is longer: The spinal cord or the vertebral column. Why?

Back 4

Vertebral column is longer than the spinal cord, because it grows for a longer period of time.

Front 5

What is the tapered, terminal portion of the spinal cord?

Back 5

Conus medullaris

Front 6

What extends inferiorly from the conus medullaris and resembles a horse's tail?

Back 6

Cauda equina

Front 7

What is the cauda equina comprised of?

Back 7

Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) roots from inferior spinal cord segments

Front 8

What is the spinal epidural space filled with?

Back 8

Fat

Front 9

What is the (spinal) subarachnoid space filled with?

Back 9

CSF

Front 10

Between what spinous processes is Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap) inserted? What is it inserted through?

Back 10

L3 & L4, or L4 & L5. Inserted through a needle

Front 11

What layers does a Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap) pierce through? Into what is it inserted? What does it withdraw?

Back 11

Pierces the dura and arachnoid layers. Inserted into subarachnoid layer and withdraws 3-9 mL of CSF.

Front 12

Between what spinous processes is Epidural Block inserted?

Back 12

L4 &L5

Front 13

Through what is an Epidural Block inserted? Into what is it inserted?

Back 13

Through a catheter into the epidural space in lumbar region (hence L4 &L5)

Front 14

Does the catheter of an Epidural Block pass through the dura mater?

Back 14

No-- it is only inserted into the epidural space

Front 15

Epidural Block provides ___ (sensory/motor/both) anesthesia.

Back 15

Sensory

Front 16

Between what spinous processes is Spinal Block (Spinal Anesthesia) inserted? Through what is it inserted?

Back 16

L3 & L4. Inserted through a needle.

Front 17

What layers does a Spinal Block (Spinal Anesthesia) pierce? Into what is it inserted?

Back 17

Dura and arachnoid layers. Inserted into the subarachnoid layer

Front 18

Spinal Block (Spinal Anesthesia) provides ___ (sensory/motor/both) anesthesia.

Back 18

Both (Sensory & Motor)

Front 19

The ___ (grey/white) matter of the spinal cord has no myelination, contains cell bodies (nucleus), and is butterfly-shaped.

Back 19

Grey

Front 20

The ___ (grey/white) matter of the spinal cord contains myelinated axons.

Back 20

White

Front 21

What type of axons terminate at the posterior (dorsal) gray horn of the spinal cord?

Back 21

GSA and GVA axons

Front 22

What type of cell bodies (GVE/GSE) does the anterior (ventral) gray horn contain?

Back 22

Cell bodies of GSEs-- Skeletal muscle

Front 23

What type of cell bodies (GVE/GSE) does the lateral gray horn contain?

Back 23

Cell bodies of GVEs from T1-L2 level-- sympathetic

Front 24

The ____ is continuous with the 4th ventricle of the spinal cord and contains CSF.

Back 24

Central canal

Front 25

The ascending tract is the ___ (sensory/motor) tract.

Back 25

Sensory

Front 26

The descending tract is the ___ (sensory/motor) tract.

Back 26

Motor

Front 27

The ascending tract conveys sensory information to what structure?

Back 27

Thalamus

Front 28

Sensory information enters at the ___ (posterior/anterior/lateral) gray horn.

Back 28

Posterior (dorsal).

Front 29

The ____ (posterior/anterior/lateral) gray horn provides motor to viscera.

Back 29

Lateral

Front 30

The ____ (posterior/anterior/lateral) gray horn has motor leaving CNS to go to skeletal muscle.

Back 30

Anterior (ventral)

Front 31

Spinal nerves are part of what nervous system?

Back 31

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front 32

What are spinal nerves formed by?

Back 32

Formed by the joining of posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral) roots

Front 33

List the numbering and number of spinal nerves in the following group: Cervical

Back 33

C1-C8. 8

Front 34

List the numbering and number of spinal nerves in the following group: Thoracic

Back 34

T1-T12. 12

Front 35

List the numbering and number of spinal nerves in the following group: Lumbar

Back 35

L1-L5. 5

Front 36

List the numbering and number of spinal nerves in the following group: Sacral

Back 36

S1-S5. 5

Front 37

List the numbering and number of spinal nerves in the following group: Coccygeal

Back 37

Co1. Only 1

Front 38

Spinal nerves exit the vertebral column through which 2 types of foramen?

Back 38

Intervertebral or sacral foramen

Front 39

Where does C1 exit the vertebral column? (C1 is the exception to the norm)

Back 39

Above the C1 vertebrae

Front 40

Spinal nerves C1-C7 exit ___ (superior/inferior) to same-numbered vertebra

Back 40

Superior

Front 41

Spinal nerve C8 exits __ (superior/inferior) to C7.

Back 41

Inferior

Front 42

Spinal nerves T1-Co1 exit ___ (superior/inferior) to same-numbered vertebra

Back 42

Inferior

Front 43

Posterior (dorsal) roots contain axons of ___ (motor/sensory) neurons

Back 43

Sensory

Front 44

Posterior (dorsal) root ganglia contains cell bodies of ___ (motor/sensory) neurons

Back 44

Sensory

Front 45

Anterior (ventral) roots contain axons of ___ (motor/sensory) neurons

Back 45

Motor

Front 46

Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) roots join to make what? How long is it?

Back 46

A spinal nerve. 1 cm long

Front 47

True or false: The anterior and posterior rami contain a mix of motor and sensory nerves

Back 47

True

Front 48

In referred pain, why is the info "misinterpreted" by the CNS?

Back 48

Because of the shared final pathway between GVA and GSA. (All GVAs and GSAs have cell bodies in a PRG/DRG)

Front 49

What type of axons do posterior (dorsal) rami carry?

Back 49

GSE, GSA, and GVE

Front 50

What do GSE axons of the posterior (dorsal) rami innervate?

Back 50

Intrinsic back muscles

Front 51

What do GSA axons of the posterior (dorsal) rami innervate?

Back 51

The skin dermatomes of the back

Front 52

What do GVE axons of the posterior (dorsal) rami innervate?

Back 52

Blood vessels, sweat glands, etc.

Front 53

The anterior (ventral) rami carries motor and sensory neurons to structures of what body wall?

Back 53

Anterolateral

Front 54

What type of axons does the anterior (ventral) rami carry?

Back 54

GSA, GSE, GVA, GVE

Front 55

Where does the GVE axon of the anterior (ventral) wall go?

Back 55

Blood vessels and internal organs

Front 56

Where are anterior (ventral) rami located?

Back 56

The costal groove of a rib

Front 57

The ___ (anterior/posterior) rami form somatic neural plexuses.

Back 57

Anterior (ventral)

Front 58

What is the term for networks of intersecting nerves?

Back 58

Neural plexuses

Front 59

Between what vertebra is there no neural plexus?

Back 59

T2-T12

Front 60

What vertebra makes up the brachial neural plexus?

Back 60

C5-T1

Front 61

What part of the body does the brachial neural plexus distribute to?

Back 61

Upper limb

Front 62

What 2 components make up the upper limb appendicular skeleton?

Back 62

The pectoral girdle and the upper limb bones

Front 63

What structure attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton?

Back 63

Pectoral girdle

Front 64

What structure makes the connection between the axial skeleton and the pectoral girdle?

Back 64

Clavicle

Front 65

The sternoclavicular joint and the acromioclavicular joint are articulations of the ___ (clavicle/scapula).

Back 65

Clavicle

Front 66

What bones does the sternoclavicular joint articulate?

Back 66

The clavicle and the sternum

Front 67

What bones does the acromioclavicular joint (AC joint) articulate?

Back 67

The clavicle and the acromion process of the scapula

Front 68

What is the lateral end of the clavicle called?

Back 68

Acromial end

Front 69

Where is the location of the scapula in the body?

Back 69

Posterolateral upper trunk and shoulder.

Front 70

What bone is the scapula connected to? Does the scapula connect with the axial skeleton?

Back 70

Clavicle. No, doesnt connect with axial skeleton

Front 71

The acromioclavicular joint, glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, and the scapulothoracic joint are all articulations of the ___ (clavicle/scapula).

Back 71

Scapula

Front 72

What 2 bones does the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint articulate?

Back 72

Glenoid fossa and humerus head

Front 73

The following describes what articulation of the scapula: Anterior surface of scapula lies over upper ribs

Back 73

Scapulothoracic

Front 74

What bone has a roughly triangle-shaped body?

Back 74

Scapula

Front 75

The supraspinous fossa and the infraspinous fossa are fossae of the scapula lie on the ___ (anterior/posterior) surface.

Back 75

Posterior

Front 76

The subscapular fossa of the scapula lies on the ___ (anterior/posterior) surface.

Back 76

Anterior

Front 77

The glenoid cavity (fossa) of the scapula is located at the ___ (medial/lateral) angle and articulates with the ___ (humerus/radius).

Back 77

Lateral, humerus

Front 78

What 2 muscles attach to the scapular spine of the scapula?

Back 78

Trapezius and deltoid

Front 79

What muscle (1) attaches at the acromion process of the scapula?

Back 79

The deltoid muscle

Front 80

What articulation happens at the acromion process of the scapula? Between what?

Back 80

Acromioclavicular joint (AC joint). Between the scapula and clavicle

Front 81

What process of the scapula is inferior to the clavicle and is most anterior?

Back 81

Coracoid process

Front 82

The supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula is the ___ (superior/inferior) small bump, while the infraglenoid tubercle is the ___ (superior/inferior) small bump.

Back 82

Superior, inferior

Front 83

Where is the humerus located?

Back 83

In the arm (brachium)

Front 84

The glenohumeral joint and the elbow joint are 2 articulations of what bone?

Back 84

Humerus

Front 85

The radiohumeral joint of the humerus is ___ (lateral/medial).

Back 85

Lateral

Front 86

The ulnohumeral joint of the humerus is ___ (lateral/medial)

Back 86

Medial

Front 87

What does the head of the humerus articulate with?

Back 87

Glenoid cavity

Front 88

What surrounds the head of the humerus and is the location of the epiphyseal plate?

Back 88

Anatomical neck

Front 89

What begins at the narrowing immediately distal to the tubercles of the humerus and is a frequent fracture site?

Back 89

Surgical neck

Front 90

What muscles are associated with the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus?

Back 90

Rotator cuff muscles

Front 91

What muscles are associated with the intertubercular groove of the humerus?

Back 91

Tendon of BB muscle, back muscles

Front 92

What muscle is associated with the deltoid tuberosity?

Back 92

Deltoid

Front 93

The radial groove is associated with which nerve?

Back 93

Radial nerve. Also blood vessels

Front 94

The capitulum of the humerus is ___ (lateral/medial)

Back 94

Lateral

Front 95

The trochlea of the humerus is ___ (lateral/medial)

Back 95

Medial

Front 96

The olecranon fossa of the humerus is ___ (anterior/posterior)

Back 96

Posterior

Front 97

The coronoid fossa of the humerus is ___ (anterior/posterior)

Back 97

Anterior

Front 98

A fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus could cause damage in what soft tissue (nerve)?

Back 98

Axillary nerve

Front 99

A fracture of the midshaft of the humerus could cause damage in what soft tissue (nerve)?

Back 99

Radial nerve

Front 100

A fracture of the medial epicondyle of the humerus could cause damage in what soft tissue (nerve)?

Back 100

Ulnar nerve

Front 101

The radius is located at the ___ (lateral/medial) antebrachium (forearm) & is on the ___ (thumb/pinky) side

Back 101

Lateral, thumb

Front 102

The proximal radioulnar joint, distal radioulnar joint, and radiocarpal (wrist) joints are all articulations associated with what bone?

Back 102

Radius

Front 103

The ___ (proximal/distal) radius articulates with the carpal bones to form the radiocarpal joint

Back 103

Distal

Front 104

In a colles fracture of the radius, the distal radius displaces ___ (anteriorly/posteriorly)

Back 104

Posteriorly

Front 105

The ulna is located at the ___ (medial/distal) antebrachium & is on the ___ (thumb/pinky) side

Back 105

Medial, pinky

Front 106

The radius contains the ___ (radial/ulnar) notch, and the ulna contains the ___ (radial/ulnar notch.

Back 106

Ulnar, radial

Front 107

Is the head of the ulna on the same or opposite end as the head of the radius?

Back 107

Opposite

Front 108

The ulnohumeral joint articulates the ___ (trochlear notch/trochlea) of the ulna with the ___ (trochlear notch/trochlea) of the humerus

Back 108

Trochlear notch, trochlea

Front 109

The nightstick fx fracture of the ulna occurs where?

Back 109

Mid-shaft of the ulna

Front 110

In what position must your arms be to obtain a nightstick fracture of the ulna? (Like what sport)

Back 110

Arms in a boxing position (arm bend at elbow, hands up)

Front 111

How many carpal bones are there?

Back 111

8

Front 112

What are the names of the two rows of carpal bones?

Back 112

Proximal row and distal row

Front 113

What are the bones of the proximal row of carpals, from lateral to medial?

Back 113

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform

Front 114

What is the mnemonic for the proximal row of the carpals?

Back 114

Some Like Two Pops

Front 115

What are the bones of the distal row of carpals, from lateral to medial?

Back 115

Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate

Front 116

Radiocarpal, intercarpal, and caropmetacarpal are all articulations of what bones?

Back 116

Carpals

Front 117

What bones of the carpals are involved in the radiocarpal articulation with the radius?

Back 117

The proximal carpals. Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum

Front 118

What bones of the carpals are involved in the carpometacarpal articulation with the metacarpals?

Back 118

The distal carpal row

Front 119

What is the name for the common wrist fracture?

Back 119

Scaphoid fracture

Front 120

A scaphoid fracture can occur in the SCAPHOID if the angle of wrist is ___ (less than/greater than) 90 degrees.

Back 120

Less than

Front 121

The carpals are the bones of the ___ (fingers/wrist)

Back 121

Wrist

Front 122

The metacarpals are the bones of the ___ (fingers/palm

Back 122

Palm

Front 123

The phalanges are the bones of the ___ (fingers/wrist/palm)

Back 123

Fingers

Front 124

What two bone groups is the carpometacarpal joint articulating?

Back 124

Distal carpals and metacarpals

Front 125

What two bone groups is the metacarpophalangeal joints articulating?

Back 125

Metacarpals and proximal phalanges

Front 126

How many phalange bones are in each hand? How many in thumb? How many in each other finger?

Back 126

14. 2. 3

Front 127

What movement happens at interphalangeal joints?

Back 127

The fingers bend

Front 128

What are the 2 types of interphalangeal joints?

Back 128

Proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP) & Distal interphalangeal joints (DIP)

Front 129

What is the most mobile joint in the body?

Back 129

Glenohumeral joint

Front 130

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

Back 130

Ball and socket, triaxial

Front 131

The glenohumeral joint is highly ___ (mobile/stable) and very ___ (stable/unstable)

Back 131

Mobile, unstable

Front 132

What does the joint capsule of the glenohumeral span?

Back 132

From the glenoid fossa to the surgical neck

Front 133

The glenohumeral ligaments are located ___ (anteriorly/posteriorly)

Back 133

Anteriorly

Front 134

The coracohumeral ligament is located ___ (superiorly/inferiorly)

Back 134

Superiorly

Front 135

The coracoacrominal ligament is located ___ (superiorly/inferiorly) and is an ___ (intrinsic/extrinsic) ligament

Back 135

Superiorly, extrinsic

Front 136

The coracoacromial ligament forms the coracoacromial ___ that prevents superior dislocations

Back 136

Arch

Front 137

The biceps brachii tendon (long head) attaches to what in the glenohumeral joint?

Back 137

Supraglenoid tubercle

Front 138

What muscles are primarily responsible for holding the head of the humerus within the glenoid fossa?

Back 138

Rotator cuff muscles

Front 139

Rotator cuff muscles are critical for stability, but are weak ___ (superiorly/inferiorly)

Back 139

Inferiorly

Front 140

The subacromial and subdeltoid bursa in the glenohumeral joint are non-communicating with the glenoid cavity because they are ___ (superficial/deep) to rotator cuff tendons/muscles

Back 140

Superficial. They aren't deep enough to communicate!

Front 141

What glenohumeral joint bursa communicates with the glenoid cavity?

Back 141

Subscapular bursa

Front 142

Shoulder separation is a dislocation at the ___ (glenohumeral/AC) joint, between the clavicle and acromion

Back 142

AC joint

Front 143

With a shoulder separation, the clavicle is ___ (superior/inferior) to acromion process

Back 143

Superior. Clavicle rises

Front 144

Where does shoulder dislocation occur?

Back 144

Glenohumeral joint

Front 145

In a shoulder dislocation, the humerus is forcibly driven ___ (superiorly/inferiorly) and anteriorly.

Back 145

Inferiorly. Being pulled away from the shoulder.