Antiseizure

Front 1

penytoin

Back 1

act on sodium channel to slow rate of recovery from inactive state
prevents depolarizing shift
used for focal or tonic clonic seizures
increase dose affects calcium channels and monaminergic neurotransmitters
highly protein bound
p450 substrate, inducer
small increase in dose can greatly affect concentration.
cheap, gingival hyperplasia.

Front 2

fosphenytoin

Back 2

prodrug
used for iv and im formulations

Front 3

carbamazepine

Back 3

na blocker
partial and generalized tonic clonic seizures.
self inducer, active metabolite
hyponatremia
increases absence seizures

Front 4

lamotrigine

Back 4

na channel and ca blocker
partial, generalized and absence seizure
half life decreased by inducing drugs and increased by valproic acid
well tolerated in elderly patients with minor adverse effects

Front 5

lacosamide

Back 5

sodium inhibition
adjunctive therapy focal seizures
drug resistant epilepsy

Front 6

ethosuximide

Back 6

high voltage activated channel
primary generalized absence seizure first line
no effect for focal or secondary generalized seizure

Front 7

valproic acid

Back 7

t type calcium channel
also sodium slowing
increases gaba inhibition
alternative to phenytoin and carbamazepine for focal seizures
absence that doesn't respond to ethosuximide
protein bound interactions
teratogenicity

Front 8

gabapentin

Back 8

inhibition of hva calcium channels
gaba inhibition
not first line, partial seizures

Front 9

pregabalin

Back 9

hva calcium channel
more potent than gabapentin
useful in hepatic dysfunction
weight gain, blurred vision, peripheral edema.

Front 10

diazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, clonazepam

Back 10

enhance gaba increase cl influx
suppress seizure focus, treat focal and tonic clonic seizures.
clonazepam also inhibits t type ca channel
diazepam for status epilipticus

Front 11

phenobarbital

Back 11

focal and tonic clonic seizures. newborns with epilepsy

Front 12

vigabatrin

Back 12

analogue of gaba inhibits gaba transaminase
infantile spasms and refractory focal epilepsy
peripheral visual defects

Front 13

felbamate

Back 13

inhibits nmda receptor
fatal a plastic anemia and liver failure

Front 14

refunamide

Back 14

prolonged sodium inactivation, inhibit glutamate
alternative for refractory epilepsy
Lennox gastaut in children over 4

Front 15

topiramate

Back 15

block sodium and gaba
partial and primary generalized seizures
birth control ineffective in combination