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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
Protozoa are motile, ______ eukaryotic organisms |
intracellular
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
causative agent of amoebiasis |
Entamoeba histolytica
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Antiprotozoal drugs: this Disease manifests as severe colitis (dysentery) and sometimes liver abscesses
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Amoebiasis
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
who are the cheif hosts of amoebiasis |
humans
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
this Infection follows the ingestion of mature cysts in water or food contaminated by human feces. In the colon, cysts develop into trophozoites. Trophozoites adhere to colonic epithelial cells and feed, multiply and encyst there. Trophozoite also lyses colonic mucosa, invades the submucosa and can reach liver through portal circulation. |
amoebiasis
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
Kills trophozoites of E. hystolitica, no effect on cysts Active against the invasive form of the disease in the gut and liver |
metronidazole and tinidazole
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Antiprotozoal drugs:MOA: nitro group of drug is reduced by protozoa (and anaerobic bacteria) to a DNA-damaging agent
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metronidazole
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Antiprotozoal drugs:Has unpleasant taste
Interferes with alcohol metabolism; alcohol should be strictly avoided |
metronidazole and tinidazole
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Antiprotozoal drugs:similar to metronidazole, slower elimination
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Tinidazole
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Antiprotozoal drugs:Given orally, its unabsorbed fraction is the active form
Effective against the non-invasive form of the amoebiasis parasyte in the GI Drug of choice for the asymptomati, infected patient Also used as a follow-up after the disease has been reversed with metronidazole No serious adverse effects |
diloxanide
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Antiprotozoal drugs:Principal disease-causing species in the flagellates group are:
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Trypanosoma
Leismania Trichomona Giardia |
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
Trypanosomiasis gamiense and rhodesiense cause ... |
sleeping sickness
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
trypanosomiasis cruzi causes... |
chagas disease
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Antiprotozoal drugs:Drugs used for sleeping sickness
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suramin, pentamidine
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Antiprotozoal drugs: drugs used for chagas disease
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none - no effective treatment
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Antiprotozoal drugs:Enters the trypanosoniasis parasite by endocytosis and inhibits its enzymes
Relatively toxic drug (nephrotoxicicty, optic atrophy, adrenal insuffciency) |
Suramin
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
Interacts with Trypanosomiasis parasite’s DNA Usefullness limited by toxic effects: tachycardia, vomiting, breathlessness, later kidney, liver damage, blood dyscrasias |
Pentamidine
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
Simple skin infection Expanded mucocutaneous form Visceral form (“kala-azar”: parasite sreads throughout blood stream and causes hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, anemia and fever) |
Leishmaniasis
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
Pentavalent Sb compound Adverse effects: vomiting, bradycardia, hypotension main drug to treat visceral form of Leishmaniasis |
Na stibogluconate
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
Causative agent: Trichomonas vaginalis Causes inflammation of vagina in females, sometimes inflammation of urethra in males |
Trichomoniasis
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
main treatment of Trichomoniasis |
metronidazole
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Antiprotozoal drugs:Intestinal disease
Causative agent: Giardia lamblia |
Giardiasis:
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
therapy for giardiasis |
metronidazole
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
what type of protozoa is malaria |
sporozoa
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
definitive host of malaria |
mosquitos
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
the sexual cycle of the malaria sporozoa takes place in the _____ |
mosquito
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
the asexual cycle of the malaria sporozoa takes place in the ______ |
human
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Lifecycle of plasmodium parasite in humans:
Bite of a mosquito deposits ______ in blood stream, which within 30 minutes enter the liver |
sporozoites
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Lifecycle of plasmodium parasite in humans:
During 10-14 days sporozoites develop and multiply, cause rupture of parasitised liver cells and ________ are released Some sporozoites form hypnozoites (dormant forms) |
merozoites
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Lifecycle of plasmodium parasite in humans:
Merozoites enter the red blood cell and form ________ Some merozoites differentiate into gametocytes |
trophozoites
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Lifecycle of plasmodium parasite in humans:
Trophozoites within red cell develop into _______ |
shizonts
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
Symptoms: fever, shivering, pain in the joints, headache, repeated vomiting, generalized convulsions Periodic episodes of fever result from the synchronized rupture of red cells that release merozoites and debris |
Malaria
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
causes malignant tertian malaria (incorporates receptors for adhesion molecules on the infected red cell membrane and cells form clusters (rosettes) and adhere to blood vessels interfering with the tissue perfusion (kidney, brain). Does not have exoerythrocytic stage |
P. falciparum:
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
causes benign tertian malaria. Hypnozoites may persist for years |
P. vivax
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
causes tertian malaria. Forms hypnozoites |
P. ovale:
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
causes quartan malaria. No exoerythrocytic stage |
P. malariae:
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
Effective against erythrocytic forms of all 4 species of malaria Not effective against sporpozoites, hypnozoites, gametocytes Uncharged at neutral pH, converted to protonated form in acidic food vacuole of the parasite (ion-trapping) P. falciparum is becoming resistant in most parts of the world; resistance due to increased efflux of the drug Given for prophylaxis and for acute attacks No side effects ar prophylactic doses, at larger doses: nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache Uncharged at neutral pH, converted to protonated form in acidic food vacuole of the parasite (ion-trapping) P. falciparum is becoming resistant in most parts of the world; resistance due to increased efflux of the drug Given for prophylaxis and for acute attacks No side effects ar prophylactic doses, at larger doses: nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache |
Chloroquine
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Antiprotozoal drugs:MOA: prevents digestion of hemoglobin by malaria parasite, also inhibits the enzyme that converts hemes to non-toxic products
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Chloroquine
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Antiprotozoal drugs:Alkaloid from the bark of Cinchona tree
Effective against erythrocytic forms of all 4 species of malaria, not effective against hypnozoites or gametocytes MOA: inhibits heme-polymerase Not concentrated in the parasite as chloroquine Has depressant action on the heart, mild blocking action at neuromuscular junction, weak antipyretic effect High concentrations: “cinhonism”: nausea, dizziness, headache, blurred vision, tinitus, cardiac dysrhythmias, CNS disturbances |
Quinine
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
Kills erythrocytic forms of P. flaciparum and P. vivax MOA: inhibits heme polymerase P. falciparum in South-east Asia is increasingly resistant GI disturbances common; transient CNS toxicity, rare skin problems Used for chemoprophylaxis in areas where there is a high probability of acquiring chloroquine resistant P. falciparum, also used in acute attacks, not effective against hypnozoites |
Mefloquine
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Kills blood shizonts of malaria parasite
Not effective against hypnozoites MOA: unknown Adverse effect (common): GI disturbances, headache, transient rise in hepatic enzymes, cough, changes in cardiac rhythm, rarely hemolytic anemia, convulsions Reserved for infections caused by resistant strains |
Halofantrine
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
inhibit synthesis of folate (compete with PABA). Used for chloroquine resistant P. falciparum |
Sulfonamides (sulfadoxine
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (greatest affinity for the plasmodial enzyme) Used for chloroquine resistant P. falciparum |
Pyrimethamine
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
Has little action against the erythrocytic stage malaria parasites Effective against hypnozoites (used as a radical cure) It has gametocydal actions (used for the prevention of transmission) Resistance: rare Few adverse effects: GI disturbances, hemolysis in individuals with X-linked G6P-dehydrogenase deficiency |
Primaquine
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
Traditional Chinese remedy for malaria Active against blood shizonts Not effective against hypnozoites or gametocytes MOA: not known Well tolerated No known resistance |
Artemisin (qinghaosu)
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
disease Causes infections in immunocompromised patiens often the presenting symptom and leading cause of death in AIDS |
Pneumocystis carnii
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Antiprotozoal drugs:
treatment for Pneumocystis carnii |
cotrimoxazole, or trimoethoprim-dapsone
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Antihelmintic drugs:
definitive hosts of helminths |
humans
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Antihelmintic drugs:
route of entry of helminth infection |
mouth or skin (contaminated water, undercooked meat)
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Antihelmintic drugs:
Inhibit the polymerization of helminth b-tubulin, interfering with many functions (glucose uptake) Broad-spectrum agents Fatty food increases absorption of mebendazole, albendazol; tiabendazole absorbed well from GI Adverse effects: highest with tiabendazole (GI disturbances, headache, dizziness) |
Benzimidazoles
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Antihelmintic drugs:
Broad-spectrum agent Drug of choice for schizostomiases MOA: Binds to voltage-gated Ca channels on parsits and causes influx of Ca (rapid contractions of parasite musculature and eventual paralysis and death of the worm) Well tolerated Some disturbances seen in patients with heavy worm load might be due to products released from dead worms |
Praziquantel
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Antihelmintic drugs:
Active against certain filiarias (round worms) Adverse effects: common, but transient Drug effects: GI disturbances, arthralgias, headache Effects of dying filiarie products: skin reactions, enlargement of lymph glands, dizziness, tachycardia, GI and respiratory disturbances Modifies parasites so that they become susceptible to host’s defense mechanisms |
Diethylcarbamazine
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Antihelmintic drugs:
Broad-spectrum agent First choice for filiarial infections and effective in treatment of onchocerciasis (river blindness) Opens glutamate-gated Cl channels (only found in worms) and causes motor paralysis Well tolerated |
Ivermectin
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