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215 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sulfonamides
|
Sulf at beginning of the drug name
|
|
Diaminopyrimidines
|
trimethoprim is major one
|
|
-oxacin
|
fluoroquinolones
|
|
Beta lactams
|
Penicillins
cephalosporins carbapenems |
|
-cillin
|
Penicillins
|
|
ceph or cef
|
Cephalosporins
|
|
Carbepenems
|
-penem
|
|
-micin or -mycin
|
Aminoglycosides
Macrolides |
|
-cycline
|
tetracyclines
|
|
Licosamide drugs
|
lincomycin
clindamycin |
|
Glycopeptide drug
|
vancomycin
|
|
Chloramphenicol and florenicol
|
Phenicols
|
|
Aminoglycoside drugs
|
Streptomycin
Neomycin Gentamicin Aimkacin Apramycin |
|
Aminoglycosides are effects against
|
Aerobic gram-negative organisms
Respiratory/fastidious Enterobacteriaceae Some Gram + Staph, mycoplasm, sirochetes |
|
Aminoglycosides are not effective against
|
anaerobic organisms
|
|
Streptomycin
|
Aminoglycoside
|
|
Streptomycin is effective against
|
mycobacteria, Leptospira, Francisella, and Yersinia pestis,
|
|
Neomycin
|
Aminoglycoside
|
|
Neomycin is used to treat
|
gram-negative
Staphylococcus aureus |
|
Gentamicin
|
Aminoglycoside
|
|
Gentamicin treats
|
Gram-negative
Salmonella Enterobacter E. coli Klebsiella Neisseria Proteus Pasteurella Pseudomonas Salmonella Serratia Shigella Staphylococcus Streptococcus |
|
Amikacin
|
Aminoglycosides
|
|
Amikacin is effective against
|
Pseudomonas, Enterobacter
E. coli Klebsiella Pseudomonas Citrobacter Listeria Salmonella |
|
Apramycin
|
Aminoglycoside
|
|
Apramycin
|
is effective against
Stphylococcus aureus E. coli, Salmonella |
|
Aminoglycoside unaccepted uses
|
Mastitis in Cattle and pigs
Pneumonia in Calves and cattle Uterine infections in Cattle and dogs |
|
Aminoglycoside MOA
|
Modifies protein synthesis
Modifying enzymes Decreased permeability Ribosome modification/mutation Efflus |
|
Aminopenicillins species
|
Do not use in horses, rabbits,
|
|
Aminopenicillins mechanism
|
Disruption cell wall (B-lactam)
More penetration of Gram negative than penicillin |
|
Aminopenicillin formulations
|
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin |
|
Ampicillin is effective against
|
Same Gram positive as Penicillin
Gram negative >> penicillin A and B streptococcus, non penicillinase Staph, Bacillus, and Clostridia E. coli, Salmonella, Bacteriodes |
|
Amoxicillin is effective against
|
Same as Ampicillin plus better Gm - including E. Coli, Salmonella
|
|
Beta-lactams
|
Penicillins
Aminopenicillins Penicillinase resistant Carbapenems Beta-lactamase inhibitors |
|
Cephalosporin group 1
|
cephalothin, cefazolin, cephapirin
1st generation |
|
Cephalosporin group 2
|
cefadroxil, cephalexin
1st generation |
|
Cephalosporin group 3
|
cefotetan, cefoxitin, cefuroxime
2nd generation |
|
Cephalosporin group 4
|
cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, ceftiofur, cefovecin,
3rd generation |
|
Group 5
|
cefixime, cefpodoxime
3rd generation |
|
Group 6
|
cefazidime
3rd generation |
|
Group 7
|
cefepime and cefwuinome
4th Generation |
|
Cephalothin
|
Group 1
1st generation |
|
Cefazolin
|
Group 1
1st generation |
|
Cephapirin
|
Group 1
1st generation |
|
cefadroxil
|
Group 2
1st generation |
|
cephalexin
|
Group 2
1st generation |
|
clavulanate
|
B-lactamase inhibitor
Used with other B-lactams Extends spectrum |
|
Cephalosporin Group 1 activity
|
Highest activity against G+, including Corynebacteria, Streptococci, Staphylococci (including aureus, intermedius
|
|
Group 3 cephalosporin
|
cefotetan
cefoxitin cefuroxime |
|
cefoxitin
|
Group 3 2nd generation
|
|
cefuroxime
|
Group 3 2nd generation
|
|
Group 4 cephalosporins
|
cefotaxime
ceftizoxime ceftriaxone ceftiofur cefovecin |
|
Group 5 cephalosporines
|
cefixime
cefpodoxime |
|
Group 6 cephalosporine
|
ceftazidime
|
|
cefpodoxime
|
Group 5 3rd generation
|
|
ceftazidime
|
Group 6 3rd generation
|
|
Group 7 cephalosporine
|
cefepime cephquinome
|
|
4th generation cephalosporine
|
Group 7 cefepime, cefquinome
|
|
cefazidime
|
Group 6 3rd generation
|
|
cefquinome
|
Group 7 4th generation
|
|
cefepime
|
Group 7 4th generation
|
|
1st generation groups
|
Group 1 and Group 2
|
|
2nd generation groups
|
Group 3
|
|
3rd generation groups
|
Group 4, 5 ,6
|
|
4th generation groups
|
Group 7
|
|
cephalosporins are
|
beta lactams
inhibit cell wall synthesis |
|
first generation cephalosporins have the highest activity against
|
gram positive bacteria.
|
|
second generation cephalosporins actions
|
same efficacy as 1st generation against gram + with decreased against s. aureus and s. intermedius
|
|
3rd generation cephalosporins are the most effective against
|
antibiotic resistant gram negative bacteria
|
|
Cephalosporin that consistently reach the CNS
|
3rd generation:, cefotaxime, ceftazidine, ceftizoxine, and ceftriaxone
|
|
cefpodoxime remains stable against
|
beta-lactamase enzymes,
|
|
chloramphenicol causes what in humans
|
aplastic anemia - use gloves in humans
|
|
chloramphenicol warnings
|
Cats decreased glucoronidase activity makes them sensitive to it.
|
|
chloramphenicol in FA
|
ILLEGAL - aplastic anemia in humans
|
|
Chloramphenicol MOA
|
bacteriostatic, may be bactericidal
binds to the 50 S subunit preventing addition of AA to growing peptide chains. |
|
phenol drugs
|
chloramphenicol
Florfenicol Thiamphenicol |
|
Chloramphenicol treats
|
Gram + aerobes and anaerobes
Gram neg Respiratory/Fastidious Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonas Obligate anaerobes |
|
Chloramphenicol inhibits
|
phenobarbital metabolism
CYT P450 |
|
Florenicol
|
Same spectrum as Chloramphenicol however, no aplastic anemia.
Acts against P. multocida, enterobacter, Klebsiella, Shigella, |
|
Erythromycin is effective against
|
Gr+ including Staph ,Strept, beta-lactamase inhibitors
Mastitis |
|
Erythromycin MOA
|
50 S ribosomal subunit
|
|
Erythromycin is only effective against
|
rapidly dividing cells
|
|
Florfenicol is effective against
|
Mannheimia, Pasteurella, Haemophilus somnus
|
|
Fluoroquinolones are effective against
|
Gram + aerobes NOT strep.
Gram neg respiratory/fastidious, enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, others |
|
Fluoroquiniolone drugs
|
Enrofloxacin
Danofloxacin Difloxacin Orbifloxacin Ciprofloxacin Marbofloxacin |
|
Fluoroquinolone ADE
|
Toxic to cartilage in growing animals
retinal degeneration in cats More likely to cause seizures |
|
Fluoroquinolone MOA
|
inhibit topoisomerase to affect DNA synthesis,
|
|
Fluoroquinolone off label use
|
prohibited because of ability to produce resistant strains.
|
|
Fluoroquinolones are more likely to
|
concentrate in milk due to lipid solubility.
|
|
LIncosamides MOA
|
50 S subunit
metabolized in liver |
|
Lincosamide drugs
|
Lincomycin
Clyndamycin |
|
Lincosamides are effective against
|
Gram +, many anaerobic, and not many gram -
Erysipelotrhix, Leptospira, Mycoplasma Staphlococcus, Streptococcus, |
|
Clindamycin is effective against
|
Mycoplasma, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium
|
|
LIncosamides MOA
|
Affect 50s subunit
|
|
Macrolide drugs
|
Tulatrhomycin
Erythromycin Tylosin Tilmicosin Azithromycin Clarithromycin |
|
Tulathromycin
|
Macrolide
|
|
Erythromycin
|
MAcrolide
|
|
Tylosin
|
Macrolide
|
|
Tillmicosin
|
Macrolide
|
|
Azithromycin
|
Macrolide
|
|
Clarithromycin
|
Macrolide
|
|
Macrolide MOA
|
50s subunti
|
|
Azithromycin advantages
|
Better oral absorption than Erythromycin
|
|
Azithromycin acts against
|
aerobic Gm +, and anaerobes.
chlamydia, Toxoplasma, Mycoplasma |
|
Tylosin activity
|
more active than erythromycin against mycoplasmas
|
|
Tilmicosin activity
|
Activity against Gram +, and Gm - such as Histophilus somni, Mannheimia, and Pasteruella,
|
|
Tulathromycin is effective against
|
Respiratory pathogens,: Actinobacillus, Bordetella, Haemophilus, Histophilus, Mannhemia, Mycoplasma Pasteurella
|
|
Clarithromycin activity
|
Used against Rhodococcus equi. Broader spectrum than Erythromycin. Incentrates in tissues. Shorter half life than Azithromycin than dogs.
|
|
Metronidazole is
|
Not approved for vet use
|
|
Metronidazole is effective against
|
systemic and enteric obligate anerobic bacterial infections: Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Bacteroides,
|
|
Metronidazole MOA
|
alters DNA,
reduced in anaerobic environment and intermediate is toxic to cells |
|
Metronidazole is not effective against
|
aerobes
|
|
Penicllin G is effective against
|
aerobic and anaerobic gram positives
|
|
Pen G is highly
|
susceptible to B-lactamases.
|
|
Accepted non systemic use of Penicillin G
|
Mastitis in cattle by Sterptococcus, agalactiae
|
|
Pen G MOA
|
INhibits cross=linkages during bacterial cell wall synthesis.
|
|
Pen G systemic activity
|
Aaerobic and anaerobic Grm +
Actinomyces, Bacillus, Corynebacterium Erysipelothrix, Clostridium |
|
Pirlimycin is a
|
lincosamide
|
|
Pirlimycin is effective against
|
Gram positive organisms: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus
|
|
Pirlimycin MOA
|
inhibits 50S subunit
|
|
Rifampin MOA
|
inactivates bacterial RNA enzymes
|
|
RIfampin is used to treat
|
Rhodococcus equi along with Erythromycin
|
|
Sulfonamide drugs
|
Sulfachlorpyridazine
Sulfdiemthoxine, Sulfamerazine Sulfamethazine, Sulfanilamide Sulfaquinoxaline Sulfathiazole |
|
Sulfonamides are effective against
|
Gram positive and gram negative bacteria and some protozoa.
|
|
Sulfonamide accepted uses
|
Coccidiosis
Coryza in chickens Pododermatitis in cattle Respiratory infections |
|
Sulfonamide MOA
|
interferes with biosynthesis of folic acid in bacterial cells. Compete for PABA
|
|
Potentiated sulfonamide drugs
|
Ormetoprim and Sulfadimethoxine
Pyrimethamine and Sulfadiazine Pyrimethamine and sulfaquinoxaline, Sulfadiazine and Trimethoprim Sulfadoxine and Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim |
|
Tetracyclines
|
Oxytetracycline
Chlortetracycline Tetracycline Doxycycline |
|
Tetracycline MOA
|
inhibit 30S ribosome - bacteriostatic.
|
|
Tetracycline effectiveness
|
broad spectrum, effective against Gram + and Gram neg including anaerobes.
Clamydia, mycoplasmas, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Haemobartonella. E coli, Klebsiella, Pasteruella, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, |
|
Potentiated sulfonamide drugs
|
Ormetoprim and Sulfadimethoxine,
Pyrimethamine and Sulfadiazine Pyrimethamine and Sulfaquinoxaline, Sulfadiazine and Trimethoprim, Sulfadoxine and Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole and Trimehtoprim |
|
Potentiated sulfonamides treat
|
gram-positive and gram negative bacteria, some protozoa
|
|
Pyrimethamine is an
|
anti-protozoal
|
|
Pyrimethamine is a
|
folic acid antagonist
|
|
Accepted use of pyrimethamine is
|
for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. via Sarcocystis neurona
|
|
Rifampin is an
|
antibacterial against Gram positive, and gram negative aerobic bacteria.
|
|
Rifampin MOA
|
inactivates bacterial enzymes inhibiting RNA syt
|
|
Gram positive aerobic organisms can be treated with what drugs
|
Aminoglycosides (except strep)
Beta-lactams (except Group 3 cephalosporins) Vancomycin Lincosamides macrolides Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Fluoroquinolones Potentiated sulfonamides Tetracyclines |
|
Gram positive anaerobic organisms can be treated with
|
Beta lactams except penicillinase-resistant
Vancomycin Lincosamides Macrolides Chloramphenicol Metronidazole (Tetracyclines) |
|
Gram positive obligate anaerobes are not treated wtih
|
Aminoglycosides
Penicillinase-resistant B-lactams Florfenicol Fluoroquinolones Potentiated sulfonamides |
|
Gram positive aerobes are not treated with
|
metronidazole
|
|
Gram negative Respiratory fastidious pathogens are treated with
|
Aminoglycosides
(penicillins) Aminopenicillins Carbapenems Amoxicillin-clav Group 4 ceph Group 5 ceph macrolides Chloramphenicol Florfenicol Fluoroquinolones Potentiated sulfas Tetracyclines |
|
Gram negative Respiratory fastidious pathogens are not treated wtih
|
Group 1 - 3 ceph
Carbapenems Penicillinase-resistant Vancomycin Lincosamides |
|
Gram negative Enterobacteriaceae are treated with
|
Aminoglycosides
Beta-lact. resists. Carbapenems (amox-clav) Ticarcillin-clav) Group 3 - 5 ceph Chloramphenicol Fluoroquinolones Potentiated sulfas Poymyxins (tetracyclines) |
|
Gram negative pseudomonas is treated with
|
Aminoglycosides
Antipseduomonal Carbapenems Group 4 ceph Group 6 ceph Group 7 ceph Chloramphenicol Fluoroquionolones |
|
Gram negative others are treated with
|
aminopenicillins
Macrolides fluoroquinolones Potentiated sulfas |
|
Obligate anaerobes are treated with
|
Penicillins
Aminopenicillins Carbapenems Amoxicllin-clav Group 3 cephalosporins (Group 4 -5 cephalosporins) Chloramphenicol Metronidazole Lincosamides (macrolides) (tetracycline) |
|
Spirochetes are treated with
|
aminopenicillins
tetracyclines macrolides |
|
Mycoplasma is treated with
|
Tetracycline, (lincosamides, macrolides) fluoroquinolones
|
|
Penicillin drugs
|
Penicllin g and penicillin V
|
|
Penicillinase resistant penicillin drugs
|
oxacillin
methicillin cloxacillin dicloxacillin nafcillin |
|
Antipseudomonal penicillin drugs
|
carbenicillin piperacillin, ticaricillin
|
|
Beta-lactamase resistant penicillin drugs
|
temocilin
|
|
Drugs affectin DNA/RNA synthesis
|
Sulfonamides/diaminopyrimidines -
Fuoroquinolones - Topoisomerase and DNA gyrase |
|
Drugs affecting protein synthesis
|
macrolides
lincosamides tetracyclines chloramphenicol/florfenicol Aminoglycosides |
|
Drugs affecting cell wall integrity
|
beta lactams, Penicillins, Cephalosporins
Vancomycin |
|
methicillin
|
Penicillinase resistant penicillin
|
|
Nafcillin
|
Penicillinase resistant penicillin
|
|
Oxacillin
|
Penicillinase resistant penicillin
|
|
Cloxacillin
|
Penicillinase resistant penicillin
|
|
Dicloxacillin
|
Penicillinase resistant penicillin
|
|
Penicllinase resistant penicillin effectiveness
|
penicillinase producing S. aureus, some against other G + and spirochetes, minimal against g -
|
|
Carbapenem drugs
|
imipenem
Meropenem Doripenem Ertapenem |
|
Imipenen
|
carbapenem
|
|
meropenem
|
Carbapenems
|
|
Dorpeneum
|
Carbapenems
|
|
Ertapenem
|
Carbapenems
|
|
Carbapenems are used for
|
highly resistant bugs,
Broadest antibacterial action of all beta-lactams |
|
Beta-lactamase inhibitors
|
Clavulanate
Dulbactam Ticarcillin |
|
Clavulanate
|
Beta-lactamase inhibitor
|
|
Dulbactam
|
Beta-lactamase inhibitor
|
|
Ticarcillin
|
Beta-lactamase inhibitor
|
|
Aminoglycoside AD
|
Poor oral absorption
rapid complete IM or SQ EC space, conc in perilymph of inner ear and renal cortex |
|
Aminoglycoside PD
|
concentration dependent
|
|
Aminocyclital PD
|
concentration dependant
|
|
LIncosamide PD
|
Time dependent
|
|
Beta-lactams PD
|
need conc above MIC for 50% of dosing time
|
|
Penicol PD
|
time dependent
|
|
Phenicol drug interaction
|
Chlorphenicol with phenobarbital
|
|
Tetracycline PD
|
Time dependent
|
|
Fluoroquinolone PD
|
concentration dependant
|
|
Macrolide distribution
|
concentrates in milk more than serum b/c weak bases
|
|
Aminoglycosides ADE
|
nephrotoxic
Ototoxic |
|
Aminoglycosides are metab/elim where
|
kidney
|
|
Spectinomycin, a _______ has same action as _________ but without
|
Aminocyclital
Aminoglycosides Toxic injury |
|
Lincosamides ADE
|
V/D
ketosis HS rxns irregular behavior |
|
Lincosamides are met/elim where
|
Liver
|
|
Glycopeptides ADE
|
Nephrotoxic, histamine release
|
|
Beta-Lactams ADE
|
Allergic Reaction
GI upset |
|
Beta-Lactams are safe for patients with
|
liver disease
|
|
Aminopenicillins are contraindicated in
|
horses and rabbits due to GI flora upset
|
|
Cephalosporins Abs/dist
|
well orally, IM SQ
in body water |
|
Cephalosporin ADE
|
Phlebitis
HS rxns GI upset later gen - thrombocytopenia |
|
Carbepenems are only used for
|
highyly resistant bugs
|
|
Carbepenems ADE
|
seizures
nephrotoxic hair loss |
|
Phenicols ADE
|
owner wear gloves
Chlor - aplastic anemia |
|
use phenicols with caution in cats because
|
decreased gluoronidase activity
|
|
Tetracycline ADE
|
Rapid IV admin - cardio collapse
enteritis, esophageal lesions inhibit growth of long bones in young, nephrotoxic hepatotoxic HS rxns, photosensitization, teeth discoloration |
|
Tetracycline met/elim
|
GI, kidney
|
|
Fluoroquinolones ADE
|
toxic to cartilage, retinal degenration in cats, mopre likely to cause seizures - CNS effects
|
|
Fluoroquinolones dist
|
concentrates in milk - lipid
|
|
Extralabel use of what AB is illegal
|
fluoroquinolones
selects for resistance |
|
macrolides ADE
|
V/D
stimulate GI activity hyperthermia skin eruptions, hepatotoxicity elevated asp |
|
macrolides met/eliminated
|
liver
|
|
Erythromycin ADE
|
inc GI motility
|
|
Tilmicosin ADE
|
sudden death by injection
|
|
Sulfonamides ADE
|
crystalluria, KCS
hypothyroidism HS rxns heptatotoxicity hypoprothrombinemia anemia thrombocytopenia skin reactions diarrhea carcinogenesis |
|
Potentiated sulfonamides ADE
|
Nephrotoxic
hepatotoxic dermatitis KCS |
|
Metronidazole ADE
|
CNS toxicity
hepatotoxic GI effects |
|
Rifampin ADE
|
GI effects
blood disorders changes colors of secretions |
|
Nitrofurans ADE
|
mutagenesis
carcinogenesis |
|
Polymyxin MOA
|
cationic detergent
disrupts cell membrane |
|
Polymyxin ADE
|
nephrotoxic
resp paralysis CNS disturbance |
|
cefotetan
|
Group 3
2nd generation cephalosporin |
|
aminoglycoside ADE
|
nephrotoxicity**
ototoxicity Don't use with NSAIDS Neuromuscular blockade |
|
Aminoglycoside absorption
|
poorly abosorbe orally
rapidly completely absorbe IM/SQ. DIstibutes to EC space Decreased Vd |