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215 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Sulfonamides
Sulf at beginning of the drug name
Diaminopyrimidines
trimethoprim is major one
-oxacin
fluoroquinolones
Beta lactams
Penicillins
cephalosporins
carbapenems
-cillin
Penicillins
ceph or cef
Cephalosporins
Carbepenems
-penem
-micin or -mycin
Aminoglycosides
Macrolides
-cycline
tetracyclines
Licosamide drugs
lincomycin
clindamycin
Glycopeptide drug
vancomycin
Chloramphenicol and florenicol
Phenicols
Aminoglycoside drugs
Streptomycin
Neomycin
Gentamicin
Aimkacin
Apramycin
Aminoglycosides are effects against
Aerobic gram-negative organisms
Respiratory/fastidious
Enterobacteriaceae
Some Gram + Staph, mycoplasm, sirochetes
Aminoglycosides are not effective against
anaerobic organisms
Streptomycin
Aminoglycoside
Streptomycin is effective against
mycobacteria, Leptospira, Francisella, and Yersinia pestis,
Neomycin
Aminoglycoside
Neomycin is used to treat
gram-negative
Staphylococcus aureus
Gentamicin
Aminoglycoside
Gentamicin treats
Gram-negative
Salmonella
Enterobacter
E. coli
Klebsiella
Neisseria
Proteus
Pasteurella
Pseudomonas
Salmonella
Serratia
Shigella
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Amikacin
Aminoglycosides
Amikacin is effective against
Pseudomonas, Enterobacter
E. coli
Klebsiella
Pseudomonas
Citrobacter
Listeria
Salmonella
Apramycin
Aminoglycoside
Apramycin
is effective against
Stphylococcus aureus
E. coli, Salmonella
Aminoglycoside unaccepted uses
Mastitis in Cattle and pigs
Pneumonia in Calves and cattle
Uterine infections in Cattle and dogs
Aminoglycoside MOA
Modifies protein synthesis
Modifying enzymes
Decreased permeability
Ribosome modification/mutation
Efflus
Aminopenicillins species
Do not use in horses, rabbits,
Aminopenicillins mechanism
Disruption cell wall (B-lactam)
More penetration of Gram negative than penicillin
Aminopenicillin formulations
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Ampicillin is effective against
Same Gram positive as Penicillin
Gram negative >> penicillin
A and B streptococcus,
non penicillinase Staph, Bacillus, and Clostridia
E. coli, Salmonella, Bacteriodes
Amoxicillin is effective against
Same as Ampicillin plus better Gm - including E. Coli, Salmonella
Beta-lactams
Penicillins
Aminopenicillins
Penicillinase resistant
Carbapenems
Beta-lactamase inhibitors
Cephalosporin group 1
cephalothin, cefazolin, cephapirin
1st generation
Cephalosporin group 2
cefadroxil, cephalexin
1st generation
Cephalosporin group 3
cefotetan, cefoxitin, cefuroxime
2nd generation
Cephalosporin group 4
cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, ceftiofur, cefovecin,
3rd generation
Group 5
cefixime, cefpodoxime
3rd generation
Group 6
cefazidime
3rd generation
Group 7
cefepime and cefwuinome
4th Generation
Cephalothin
Group 1
1st generation
Cefazolin
Group 1
1st generation
Cephapirin
Group 1
1st generation
cefadroxil
Group 2
1st generation
cephalexin
Group 2
1st generation
clavulanate
B-lactamase inhibitor
Used with other B-lactams
Extends spectrum
Cephalosporin Group 1 activity
Highest activity against G+, including Corynebacteria, Streptococci, Staphylococci (including aureus, intermedius
Group 3 cephalosporin
cefotetan
cefoxitin
cefuroxime
cefoxitin
Group 3 2nd generation
cefuroxime
Group 3 2nd generation
Group 4 cephalosporins
cefotaxime
ceftizoxime
ceftriaxone
ceftiofur
cefovecin
Group 5 cephalosporines
cefixime
cefpodoxime
Group 6 cephalosporine
ceftazidime
cefpodoxime
Group 5 3rd generation
ceftazidime
Group 6 3rd generation
Group 7 cephalosporine
cefepime cephquinome
4th generation cephalosporine
Group 7 cefepime, cefquinome
cefazidime
Group 6 3rd generation
cefquinome
Group 7 4th generation
cefepime
Group 7 4th generation
1st generation groups
Group 1 and Group 2
2nd generation groups
Group 3
3rd generation groups
Group 4, 5 ,6
4th generation groups
Group 7
cephalosporins are
beta lactams
inhibit cell wall synthesis
first generation cephalosporins have the highest activity against
gram positive bacteria.
second generation cephalosporins actions
same efficacy as 1st generation against gram + with decreased against s. aureus and s. intermedius
3rd generation cephalosporins are the most effective against
antibiotic resistant gram negative bacteria
Cephalosporin that consistently reach the CNS
3rd generation:, cefotaxime, ceftazidine, ceftizoxine, and ceftriaxone
cefpodoxime remains stable against
beta-lactamase enzymes,
chloramphenicol causes what in humans
aplastic anemia - use gloves in humans
chloramphenicol warnings
Cats decreased glucoronidase activity makes them sensitive to it.
chloramphenicol in FA
ILLEGAL - aplastic anemia in humans
Chloramphenicol MOA
bacteriostatic, may be bactericidal
binds to the 50 S subunit preventing addition of AA to growing peptide chains.
phenol drugs
chloramphenicol
Florfenicol
Thiamphenicol
Chloramphenicol treats
Gram + aerobes and anaerobes
Gram neg Respiratory/Fastidious
Enterobacteriaceae
Pseudomonas
Obligate anaerobes
Chloramphenicol inhibits
phenobarbital metabolism
CYT P450
Florenicol
Same spectrum as Chloramphenicol however, no aplastic anemia.
Acts against P. multocida, enterobacter, Klebsiella, Shigella,
Erythromycin is effective against
Gr+ including Staph ,Strept, beta-lactamase inhibitors
Mastitis
Erythromycin MOA
50 S ribosomal subunit
Erythromycin is only effective against
rapidly dividing cells
Florfenicol is effective against
Mannheimia, Pasteurella, Haemophilus somnus
Fluoroquinolones are effective against
Gram + aerobes NOT strep.
Gram neg respiratory/fastidious, enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, others
Fluoroquiniolone drugs
Enrofloxacin
Danofloxacin
Difloxacin
Orbifloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
Marbofloxacin
Fluoroquinolone ADE
Toxic to cartilage in growing animals
retinal degeneration in cats
More likely to cause seizures
Fluoroquinolone MOA
inhibit topoisomerase to affect DNA synthesis,
Fluoroquinolone off label use
prohibited because of ability to produce resistant strains.
Fluoroquinolones are more likely to
concentrate in milk due to lipid solubility.
LIncosamides MOA
50 S subunit
metabolized in liver
Lincosamide drugs
Lincomycin
Clyndamycin
Lincosamides are effective against
Gram +, many anaerobic, and not many gram -
Erysipelotrhix, Leptospira, Mycoplasma
Staphlococcus, Streptococcus,
Clindamycin is effective against
Mycoplasma, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium
LIncosamides MOA
Affect 50s subunit
Macrolide drugs
Tulatrhomycin
Erythromycin
Tylosin
Tilmicosin
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin
Tulathromycin
Macrolide
Erythromycin
MAcrolide
Tylosin
Macrolide
Tillmicosin
Macrolide
Azithromycin
Macrolide
Clarithromycin
Macrolide
Macrolide MOA
50s subunti
Azithromycin advantages
Better oral absorption than Erythromycin
Azithromycin acts against
aerobic Gm +, and anaerobes.
chlamydia, Toxoplasma, Mycoplasma
Tylosin activity
more active than erythromycin against mycoplasmas
Tilmicosin activity
Activity against Gram +, and Gm - such as Histophilus somni, Mannheimia, and Pasteruella,
Tulathromycin is effective against
Respiratory pathogens,: Actinobacillus, Bordetella, Haemophilus, Histophilus, Mannhemia, Mycoplasma Pasteurella
Clarithromycin activity
Used against Rhodococcus equi. Broader spectrum than Erythromycin. Incentrates in tissues. Shorter half life than Azithromycin than dogs.
Metronidazole is
Not approved for vet use
Metronidazole is effective against
systemic and enteric obligate anerobic bacterial infections: Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Bacteroides,
Metronidazole MOA
alters DNA,
reduced in anaerobic environment and intermediate is toxic to cells
Metronidazole is not effective against
aerobes
Penicllin G is effective against
aerobic and anaerobic gram positives
Pen G is highly
susceptible to B-lactamases.
Accepted non systemic use of Penicillin G
Mastitis in cattle by Sterptococcus, agalactiae
Pen G MOA
INhibits cross=linkages during bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Pen G systemic activity
Aaerobic and anaerobic Grm +
Actinomyces, Bacillus, Corynebacterium
Erysipelothrix, Clostridium
Pirlimycin is a
lincosamide
Pirlimycin is effective against
Gram positive organisms: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus
Pirlimycin MOA
inhibits 50S subunit
Rifampin MOA
inactivates bacterial RNA enzymes
RIfampin is used to treat
Rhodococcus equi along with Erythromycin
Sulfonamide drugs
Sulfachlorpyridazine
Sulfdiemthoxine,
Sulfamerazine
Sulfamethazine,
Sulfanilamide
Sulfaquinoxaline
Sulfathiazole
Sulfonamides are effective against
Gram positive and gram negative bacteria and some protozoa.
Sulfonamide accepted uses
Coccidiosis
Coryza in chickens
Pododermatitis in cattle
Respiratory infections
Sulfonamide MOA
interferes with biosynthesis of folic acid in bacterial cells. Compete for PABA
Potentiated sulfonamide drugs
Ormetoprim and Sulfadimethoxine

Pyrimethamine and Sulfadiazine

Pyrimethamine and sulfaquinoxaline,

Sulfadiazine and Trimethoprim

Sulfadoxine and Trimethoprim

Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim
Tetracyclines
Oxytetracycline
Chlortetracycline
Tetracycline
Doxycycline
Tetracycline MOA
inhibit 30S ribosome - bacteriostatic.
Tetracycline effectiveness
broad spectrum, effective against Gram + and Gram neg including anaerobes.
Clamydia, mycoplasmas, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Haemobartonella. E coli, Klebsiella, Pasteruella, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,
Potentiated sulfonamide drugs
Ormetoprim and Sulfadimethoxine,

Pyrimethamine and Sulfadiazine

Pyrimethamine and Sulfaquinoxaline,

Sulfadiazine and Trimethoprim,

Sulfadoxine and Trimethoprim

Sulfamethoxazole and Trimehtoprim
Potentiated sulfonamides treat
gram-positive and gram negative bacteria, some protozoa
Pyrimethamine is an
anti-protozoal
Pyrimethamine is a
folic acid antagonist
Accepted use of pyrimethamine is
for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. via Sarcocystis neurona
Rifampin is an
antibacterial against Gram positive, and gram negative aerobic bacteria.
Rifampin MOA
inactivates bacterial enzymes inhibiting RNA syt
Gram positive aerobic organisms can be treated with what drugs
Aminoglycosides (except strep)
Beta-lactams (except Group 3 cephalosporins)
Vancomycin
Lincosamides
macrolides
Chloramphenicol
Florfenicol
Fluoroquinolones
Potentiated sulfonamides
Tetracyclines
Gram positive anaerobic organisms can be treated with
Beta lactams except penicillinase-resistant
Vancomycin
Lincosamides
Macrolides
Chloramphenicol
Metronidazole
(Tetracyclines)
Gram positive obligate anaerobes are not treated wtih
Aminoglycosides
Penicillinase-resistant B-lactams
Florfenicol
Fluoroquinolones
Potentiated sulfonamides
Gram positive aerobes are not treated with
metronidazole
Gram negative Respiratory fastidious pathogens are treated with
Aminoglycosides
(penicillins)
Aminopenicillins
Carbapenems
Amoxicillin-clav
Group 4 ceph
Group 5 ceph
macrolides
Chloramphenicol
Florfenicol
Fluoroquinolones
Potentiated sulfas
Tetracyclines
Gram negative Respiratory fastidious pathogens are not treated wtih
Group 1 - 3 ceph
Carbapenems
Penicillinase-resistant
Vancomycin
Lincosamides
Gram negative Enterobacteriaceae are treated with
Aminoglycosides
Beta-lact. resists.
Carbapenems
(amox-clav)
Ticarcillin-clav)
Group 3 - 5 ceph
Chloramphenicol
Fluoroquinolones
Potentiated sulfas
Poymyxins
(tetracyclines)
Gram negative pseudomonas is treated with
Aminoglycosides
Antipseduomonal
Carbapenems
Group 4 ceph
Group 6 ceph
Group 7 ceph
Chloramphenicol
Fluoroquionolones
Gram negative others are treated with
aminopenicillins
Macrolides
fluoroquinolones
Potentiated sulfas
Obligate anaerobes are treated with
Penicillins
Aminopenicillins
Carbapenems
Amoxicllin-clav
Group 3 cephalosporins
(Group 4 -5 cephalosporins)
Chloramphenicol
Metronidazole
Lincosamides
(macrolides)
(tetracycline)
Spirochetes are treated with
aminopenicillins
tetracyclines
macrolides
Mycoplasma is treated with
Tetracycline, (lincosamides, macrolides) fluoroquinolones
Penicillin drugs
Penicllin g and penicillin V
Penicillinase resistant penicillin drugs
oxacillin
methicillin
cloxacillin
dicloxacillin
nafcillin
Antipseudomonal penicillin drugs
carbenicillin piperacillin, ticaricillin
Beta-lactamase resistant penicillin drugs
temocilin
Drugs affectin DNA/RNA synthesis
Sulfonamides/diaminopyrimidines -
Fuoroquinolones - Topoisomerase and DNA gyrase
Drugs affecting protein synthesis
macrolides
lincosamides
tetracyclines
chloramphenicol/florfenicol
Aminoglycosides
Drugs affecting cell wall integrity
beta lactams, Penicillins, Cephalosporins
Vancomycin
methicillin
Penicillinase resistant penicillin
Nafcillin
Penicillinase resistant penicillin
Oxacillin
Penicillinase resistant penicillin
Cloxacillin
Penicillinase resistant penicillin
Dicloxacillin
Penicillinase resistant penicillin
Penicllinase resistant penicillin effectiveness
penicillinase producing S. aureus, some against other G + and spirochetes, minimal against g -
Carbapenem drugs
imipenem
Meropenem
Doripenem
Ertapenem
Imipenen
carbapenem
meropenem
Carbapenems
Dorpeneum
Carbapenems
Ertapenem
Carbapenems
Carbapenems are used for
highly resistant bugs,
Broadest antibacterial action of all beta-lactams
Beta-lactamase inhibitors
Clavulanate
Dulbactam
Ticarcillin
Clavulanate
Beta-lactamase inhibitor
Dulbactam
Beta-lactamase inhibitor
Ticarcillin
Beta-lactamase inhibitor
Aminoglycoside AD
Poor oral absorption
rapid complete IM or SQ
EC space, conc in perilymph of inner ear and renal cortex
Aminoglycoside PD
concentration dependent
Aminocyclital PD
concentration dependant
LIncosamide PD
Time dependent
Beta-lactams PD
need conc above MIC for 50% of dosing time
Penicol PD
time dependent
Phenicol drug interaction
Chlorphenicol with phenobarbital
Tetracycline PD
Time dependent
Fluoroquinolone PD
concentration dependant
Macrolide distribution
concentrates in milk more than serum b/c weak bases
Aminoglycosides ADE
nephrotoxic
Ototoxic
Aminoglycosides are metab/elim where
kidney
Spectinomycin, a _______ has same action as _________ but without
Aminocyclital
Aminoglycosides
Toxic injury
Lincosamides ADE
V/D
ketosis
HS rxns
irregular behavior
Lincosamides are met/elim where
Liver
Glycopeptides ADE
Nephrotoxic, histamine release
Beta-Lactams ADE
Allergic Reaction
GI upset
Beta-Lactams are safe for patients with
liver disease
Aminopenicillins are contraindicated in
horses and rabbits due to GI flora upset
Cephalosporins Abs/dist
well orally, IM SQ
in body water
Cephalosporin ADE
Phlebitis
HS rxns
GI upset
later gen - thrombocytopenia
Carbepenems are only used for
highyly resistant bugs
Carbepenems ADE
seizures
nephrotoxic
hair loss
Phenicols ADE
owner wear gloves
Chlor - aplastic anemia
use phenicols with caution in cats because
decreased gluoronidase activity
Tetracycline ADE
Rapid IV admin - cardio collapse
enteritis, esophageal lesions
inhibit growth of long bones in young, nephrotoxic hepatotoxic HS rxns, photosensitization, teeth discoloration
Tetracycline met/elim
GI, kidney
Fluoroquinolones ADE
toxic to cartilage, retinal degenration in cats, mopre likely to cause seizures - CNS effects
Fluoroquinolones dist
concentrates in milk - lipid
Extralabel use of what AB is illegal
fluoroquinolones
selects for resistance
macrolides ADE
V/D
stimulate GI activity
hyperthermia
skin eruptions, hepatotoxicity
elevated asp
macrolides met/eliminated
liver
Erythromycin ADE
inc GI motility
Tilmicosin ADE
sudden death by injection
Sulfonamides ADE
crystalluria, KCS
hypothyroidism
HS rxns
heptatotoxicity
hypoprothrombinemia
anemia
thrombocytopenia
skin reactions
diarrhea
carcinogenesis
Potentiated sulfonamides ADE
Nephrotoxic
hepatotoxic
dermatitis
KCS
Metronidazole ADE
CNS toxicity
hepatotoxic
GI effects
Rifampin ADE
GI effects
blood disorders
changes colors of secretions
Nitrofurans ADE
mutagenesis
carcinogenesis
Polymyxin MOA
cationic detergent
disrupts cell membrane
Polymyxin ADE
nephrotoxic
resp paralysis
CNS disturbance
cefotetan
Group 3
2nd generation cephalosporin
aminoglycoside ADE
nephrotoxicity**
ototoxicity
Don't use with NSAIDS
Neuromuscular blockade
Aminoglycoside absorption
poorly abosorbe orally
rapidly completely absorbe IM/SQ.
DIstibutes to EC space
Decreased Vd