Antimicrobial Drugs

Front 1

What is the difference between antimicrobial and antibiotic agents?

Back 1

Antimicrobial-kill or supress the growth of microorganisms
Antibiotics-compounds produced by microorganisms that at high dilutions are inhibitory to other microorganisms.

Front 2

What does bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic mean? These are the classifications for Antimicrobial drugs. Give examples.

Back 2

cidal-kill microorganisms ex: penicillin, cephalosporin, aminoglycosides (injections that weaken our muscles over time)
static-supress the growth of microorganisms. ex: tetracyclines, sulfonamides(UTI)

Front 3

How are bacteria classified?(2)

Back 3

shape-cocci(sphere),bacilli(rod), streptococcus(chain)
histologic staining- retention of discoloration of Gram stain is Gram positive. No color uptake is Gram negative.

Front 4

What are the 3 main principles of the Antimicrobial theory?

Back 4

1. exhibits selective toxicity so it only is harmful to microbes and safe for the host.
2. Not always the case but is primarily less harmful to host than to microbes.
3. Ability to penetrate certain tissues in vivo which is more important than in Petri dish tests. (Able to work in our systems)

Front 5

Are drugs essential in treating infections?

Back 5

No. Over time our body will over take infection.

Front 6

What does the spectrum of a drug refer to? (2)

Back 6

Refers to the species of microorganisms affected by the drug. Narrow or Broad.

Front 7

What are the 4 mechanisms of action used by antimicrobials.

Back 7

1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis(penecillin, cephalosporin)
2. Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis(aminoglycosides, tetracylclines)
3. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis(rifampin, sulfonamide, folic acid inhibitors)
4. Inhibition of cell membrane function(amphotericin B, polymyxins)

Front 8

What does resistance to Antimocrobial drugs refer to?

Back 8

Bacteria become resistant if their growth is not halted to the maximum level of an antibiotic tolerated by the host.

Front 9

What are the 4 mechanisms of drug resistance?

Back 9

1. Changes in drug permeability: causes the drug to be less or non permeable to the bacteria.
2. Increased capability of drug inactivation: MOs produce enzymes that destroy the active drug.
3. Overuse or misuse in patients needing antibiotics: results in more patient deaths and continued trends of diminished effectiveness.
4. Overuse in meats or poultry production.

Front 10

What 3 drug types inhibit cell wall synthesis?

Back 10

1. Beta Lactam(penicillin)
2. Vancomycin
3. Bacitracin

Front 11

What are the therapeutic uses of penicillin? (3)

Back 11

1. Gram + coccal infections
2. Gram - coccal infections
3. Syphilis

Front 12

What are the 3 main SE of penicillin?

Back 12

1. Hypersensitivity(allergic)
2. Diarrhea
3. GI distress

Front 13

What 4 drugs are bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors?

Back 13

1. Aminoglycosides
2. Macrolides
3. Tetracyclines
4. Clindamycin

Front 14

What are the therapuetic uses(2) and SE of aminoglycosides(4)?

Back 14

Uses:
1. employed against Gram - enteric bacteria when sepsis is suspected.
2. Used as a synergist with other drugs to treat life threatening infections like sepsis. Multiplies the effectiveness.
Side Effects:
1. Ototoxicity: tinnitus, deafness, lack of balance.(reversible)
2. Nephrotoxicity: acute tubular necrosis (reversible)
3. Neuromuscular paralysis:
when combined with neuromuscular blockers it potentiates this effect.
4. Allergic reactions: dermatitis.

Front 15

What are the uses(5) and side effects(3) of tetracyclines?

Back 15

Uses:
1. Rickettsial infections
2. Chlamydial infections
3. Mycoplasma infections(walking pnuemonia)
4. Venereal infections (syphilis, gonorrehea)
5. Chronic acne
Side Effects:
1. Phototoxicity(stay out of sun)
2. Gastic discomfort
3. Contraindicated in pregnant women and children under 8 because it can cause discoloration and hypoplasia of the teeth and a temporary stunting of growth.

Front 16

What are the general characteristics of Tetracyclines(3)?

Back 16

Bacteriostatic, broad spectrum, inhibit protein synthesis.

Front 17

What are the general characteristics of macrolides(3)?

Back 17

Bacteriostatic, Broad spectrum, inhibit protein synthesis.

Front 18

What is the primary use of macrolides? What are the side effects(2)?

Back 18

Use:
Alternative therapy for patients allergic to penecillin.
Side Effects:
1. GI distress
2. Hepatotoxicity (jaundice)

Front 19

What are the 3 main drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

Back 19

1. Sulfonamides
2. Trimethoprim
3. Quinolones

Front 20

What are the uses(6) and side effects of Sulfonamides(4)?

Back 20

Uses:
1. Combination with trimethoprim
2. Acute UTI
3. Trachoma and conjunctivitis
4. Nocardia
5. Prevent colonization of burns or wounds.
6. Last resort for immuno compromised patients.
Side effects:
1. Crystalluria
2. Hypersensitivity: allergic
3. Blood disorders
4 Jaundice in newborns

Front 21

What is the mechanism of action for Trimethoprim?

Back 21

Inhibit enzyme that is crucial for bacterial survival(dihydrofolate reductase)

Front 22

What is the use and side effects(2)of Trimethoprim?

Back 22

Use:
same as sulfonamide and used in combo with sulfonamide.
Side effects:
1. megaloblastic anemia
2. Leukopenia

Front 23

What are the general characteristics of Quinolones(3)?

Back 23

1. Inhibits replication of bacterial DNA by interfering with DNA gyrase.
2. Bacteriocidal
3. New drug

Front 24

What are the therapeutic uses(4) and side effects of Quinolones(5)?

Back 24

Uses:
1. UTI
2. Infectious Diarrhea
3. Lower RTI
4. Bone infections
Side Effects:
1. GI disorders
2. Damage to growth cartilage
3. Photosensitivity
4. Hypersensitivity: allergic
5. CNS disorders such as headache or seizures

Front 25

What is the concern with meningitis exposure(2)?

Back 25

1. Potentially deadly CNS infection
2. Easy to prevent but difficult to treat(antibiotics)

Front 26

What is the procedure for those who come in contact with an infectious patient?

Back 26

Treat with Rifampin for 2 days. Discolors every bodily fluid a burnt orange: tears, saliva, sweat, urine, ect.

Front 27

What are the major concerns for PT with antimicrobial drug use(3)?

Back 27

1. Aminoglycosides weaken muscles especially in bed ridden or debilitated patients.
2. This effect is potentiated when combined with neuromuscular blockers and may increase need for PT and prolong hospitalization.
3. Main thing to remember is to look for precautions posted on patients door or in chart about infectious disease.