Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are some symptoms of malaria?
|
cyclic fever/chills
headache, myalgia, splenomegaly, anemia, leukopenia |
|
|
What is the first stage of the plasmodium life cycle?
|
carrier mosquito injects the sporozite into a human
|
|
|
what is the second stage of the plasmodium life cycle?
|
the sporozite is transformed into merozite in the liver
|
|
|
what is the third stage of the plasmodium life cycle?
|
the merozite enters into the blood stream and parasitizes the RBC - is now called a schizont
|
|
|
what is the fourth stage of the plasmodium life cycle?
|
erythrocyte lysis occurs w/ release of gametocytes
|
|
|
what is the fifth stage of the plasmodium life cycle?
|
non-carrier mosquito ingests the gametocytes by biting an infected man
|
|
|
is the life cycle of the plasmodium in humans sexual or asexual?
|
asexual
|
|
|
what are the complications of falciparum malaria?
|
cerebral malaria
hyperpyrexia hemolytic anemia convulsions dysenteric or cholera like stools dark urine and anuria |
|
|
what can cerebral malaria lead to?
|
convulsions and coma
|
|
|
which malaria can enter the Hypnozoite phase?
|
vivax and ovale
|
|
|
what is the significance of the hypnozoite phase?
|
can cause relapses
|
|
|
sickle cell provides immunity against which malaria?
|
falciparum
|
|
|
duffy blood group protects against which malaria?
|
vivax
|
|
|
wheb is chloroquine used?
|
drug of choice against all malaria
|
|
|
how is chloroquine absorbed?
|
absorbed well and concentrated in liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, rbcs
|
|
|
how is chloroquine excreted?
|
kidney
|
|
|
what is the MOA of chloroquine?
|
enters parasite by energy dependent mech - accumulates in food vacuole and prevents polymerization of hemoglobin --> toxic accum
|
|
|
how do chloroquine resistant falciparum resist chloroquine?
|
expel drug via p-glycoprotein pump
|
|
|
how is chloroquine used?
|
in acute cases w/ primaquine to treat persistant stages
prophylaxis amebic liver abscess |
|
|
what are the adverse effects of chloroquine?
|
dizziness, blurred vision, retinal damage, headache, diarrhea, epigastric pain, exfoliative dermatitis, neuropathy, auditory impairment
|
|
|
when is chloroquine CI?
|
in psoriasis and porphyria
|
|
|
is chloroquine safe in pregnancy?
|
yes
|
|
|
when is primaquine used?
|
in exocerythrocytic phase
|
|
|
when is primaquine use cautioned?
|
in patients w/ G-6-PD def --> hemolytic anemia
|
|
|
what are the adverse effects of primaquine?
|
nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, abdominal cramps, headache, agranulocytosis, pruritis, methemoglobinemia
|
|
|
is primaquine useful in acute attacks?
|
no, no effect in acute attacks
|
|
|
what are the antifolate antimalarials?
|
pyrimethamine and proguanil
sulfadoxine and dapsone |
|
|
when are proguanil and atovaquone used?
|
prophylaxis of resistant falciparum
|
|
|
what are the adverse effects of the antifolates?
|
megaloblastic anemia, sulfascrytalluria, hemolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
|
|
|
What is quinine?
|
alkaloid derivative from bark of cinchona tree
|
|
|
how is quinine administered?
|
IV or oral
|
|
|
what is the MOA of quinine?
|
complexes ds DNA and prevents separation of strands
|
|
|
how is quinine used?
|
used w/ doxycycline or clindamycin pr pyrimethamine
|
|
|
when is quinine used?
|
in treatment of chloroquine resistance
|
|
|
what are the adverse effects of quinine?
|
cinchonism - headache, vertigo, tinnitus, blurred vision, GI distress
cardiac conduction abnormalities, black water fever - intravascular hemolysis |
|
|
what are other non-malarial uses of quinine?
|
used to relieve nocturnal leg cramps assoc w/ - arthritis, diabetes, athersclerosis, thrombophlebitis
|
|
|
When is quinine CI?
|
in pregnancy - is category X
|
|
|
what are other category X drugs?
|
thalidomide, clomiphene, ergot, ethionamide, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, isotretinoin, mebendazole, halofantrine, ribavarin, misoprostol
|
|
|
what are category D drugs?
|
aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, fluroquinolones
|
|
|
what is mefloquine?
|
synthetic quinooline
|
|
|
when is mefloquine used?
|
prophylaxis
|
|
|
what are the adverse effects of mefloquine?
|
cardiac conduction abnormalities, psychiatric disorders, seizures
|
|
|
when is halofantrine used?
|
as a last resort - active against all 4
|
|
|
what are the adverse effects of halofantrine?
|
cardiotoxicity w/ QT prolongation
embryotoxicity |
|
|
what is artemether?
|
effective in chloroqune-resistant p falciparum
|
|
|
can artemether be used in prophylaxis?
|
no, short half life
|
|
|
what is the MOA of artemther?
|
enters food vacuole and forms toxic free radicals
|
|
|
what is atovaquone?
|
inhibits ETC
|
