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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Diabetes Mellitus
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chronic disorder of carbohydrate (glucose) metabolism, abnormal fat and protein metabolism.
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Catabolic state
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state in which the body breaks down complex compounds into simple substances
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Insulin
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hormone necessary for the metabolism/use of glucose in the body, produced by beta cells.
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TYPE 1 DIABETES
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INSULIN DEPENDENT, DO NOT PRODUCE ENOUGH INSULIN AND MUST RECEIVE IT TO SURVIVE, KETOSIS IS LIKELY.
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TYPE 2 DIABETES
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NON INSULIN DEPENDENT, LACK OF CIRCULATING INSULIN THAT IS NEEDED BY THE BODY, KETOSIS IS NOT LIKELY.
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Insulins Action
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lower blood glucose levels by moving them into target tissues, PROMOTES GLUCOSE TRANSPORT.
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INSULIN IS AN ANABOLIC HORMONE BECAUSE
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IT CONVERTS SIMPLE SUBSTANCES INTO MORE COMPLEX COMPOUNDS
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Best glucose control for type 1 diabetes
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is multiple insulin injections
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Animal sources of insulin
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are produced from pancreas glands of cows and pigs
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Synthetic human inuslin
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prepared using nonpathogenic strains of escherichia coli bacteria or saccharomyces cerevisiae fungus.
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Incretins
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hormones released from gut after eating, stimulate insulin secretion in pancreatic betal cells and restore insulin release.
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What is the incretin that has recieved the most attention?
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GLP-1
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Byetta/exenatide
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made from saliva of gila monster lizard, binds to GLP-1 receptors and stimulates insulin secretion when blood sugar is high.
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Byetta/exenatide adverse effects
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nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, upper respiratory symptoms, and weight loss.
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Insulin adverse reactions (at injection site)
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local itching, swelling, and redness.
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What is the most important adverse reaction of insulin?
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HYPOGLYCEMIA- glucose levels below 60
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Hyperglycemia
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patient does not take enough insulin. Symptoms: glycosuria, ketonuria, kussmal respirations, tachycardia, FRUITY BREATH
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Hypoglycemia
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taking to much insulin. Symptoms: hunger, malaise, cold clammy skin, lethargy, pallor, sweating, and shallow respirations
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Insulin drug interactions
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oral contraceptives, corticosteroids, and epinephrine increase insulin needs. Thiazide diuretics elevate glucose levels. Alcohol and anabolic steroids increase hypoglycemic reactions.
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Systemic acidosis
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basic fluid and electrolyte balance of the body is disturbed. Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, changes in levels of consciousness.
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Lipodystrophy
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loss of fatty tissue when insulin is given in the same spot often.
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Glucometer
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hand held esting machine that tests blood glucose
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What is the minimal goal for insulin therapy?
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avoid extremes of ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia
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INSULIN SUSPENSIONS
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VIAL IS GENTLY ROLLED
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What should the patient do if hypoglycemia occurs?
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eat carbohydrates immediately, then eat additional carbs like bread, crackers, or milk.
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Somogyi effect
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rebound elevation of glucose levels brought on by hypoglycemia, can lead to over treatment with insulin when less is needed.
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Pork insulin can cause
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hypertrophy- increase of fatty tissue, or atrophy- decrease of fatty tissue, when injected in the same place often.
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