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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 antibiotic cell wall inhibitors?
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penicillin, cephalosporins, carbipenems, vancomycin
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What does penicillin bind?
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PBP
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What does penicillin kill?
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all gram (+) and capsulated bacteria
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What are the major side effects of penicillin?
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anemia, vomiting, diarrhea, alopecia, photosensitivity
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What is the difference between penicillin and oxa, cloxa, dicloxa, nafi "cillin"?
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bulkier R ring than penicillin
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Why does a blukier R group matter?
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penicillinase can't bind to the bulkier R group so the antibiotic won't get deactivated
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Would you use naficillin to kill gram (+) and capsulated bacteria?
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no, don't use a gun to kill a mosquito
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How is ampicillin different from amoxicillin?
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amp- deactivated by P450
amo- activated by P450 |
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Who do you give ampicillin to?
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adults
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Who do you give amoxicillin to?
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children
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What are the side effects of amoxicillin?
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liver failure
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What is ampicillin and amoxicillin used to kill?
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gram +, capsulated, e.coli
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What is ticarcillin used for?
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to kill pseudomonas
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What are the 2 first generation cephalosporins?
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cephalexin, cefazolin
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What are the 2 second generation cephalosporins?
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cefuroxime, cefotetan
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What are the 2 third generation cephalosporins?
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ceftriaxone, cefotaxime
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What are the 4th generation cephalosporin?
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cefepime
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What are the 2 carbapenems?
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imipenem and cilastatin
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How do imipenem and cilastatin work?
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inhibit renal dihydropeptidase
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How does vancomycin work?
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inhibits cell wall mucopeptide formation (D-ala-D-ala)
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What can vancomycin be used to treat?
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all gram (+)
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What is the major side effect of vancomycin?
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Red Man syndrome
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How do you treat red man syndrome?
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lower infusion and pretreat with antihistamines
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What protein synthesis inhibitors bind the 30s protein?
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AT- aminoglucosides, tetracyclins
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What protein synthesis inhibitors bind the 50s protein?
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CELL- chloramphenicol, erithomycin, clindamycin, linezolid
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What are the 3 aminoglucosides?
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gentamicin, amikacin, streptomycin
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What are the major side effects of aminoglucosides?
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ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
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How do the tetracyclins work?
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inhibit binding of amino-acyl-tRNA to the mRNA ribosome complex
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What are the 3 tetracyclins?
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doxicycline, minocycline, demeclocycline
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What is doxicycline used to treat?
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lyme, tularemia, francicella
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What is minocycline used to treat?
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acne
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What is demeclocycline used to treat?
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SIADH- is destroys the kidney (nephrontoxic)
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What are the major side effects of tetracyclins?
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ototox, nephrotox, tooth discoloration (< 8y)
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How does chloramphenicol work?
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inhibits peptide bond at 50s
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What are the major side effects of chloramphenicol?
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bone marrow suppression, aplastic anemia
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What are the 3 macrolides?
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erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin
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How do the macrolides work?
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inhibit translocations by binding 23s of 50s
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What do the macrolides treat?
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mycoplasma, legionella, chlamydia, neisseria
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How does clindamycin work?
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inhibits elongation factor of 50s
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What does clindamycin treat?
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anaerobic infections
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How does trimethoprim work?
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inhibits DHF
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What is trimethoprim used for?
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in combination with sulfonamides- used for recurrent UTIs, shigella, salmonella, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
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What are the major side effects of trimethoprim?
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megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia
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What do all the floroquinolones have in common?
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all have the last name "floxacin"
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How do the floroquinolones work?
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inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase 2)
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What are the major side effects of the floroquinolones?
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tendonitis or tendon rupture and myalgia in kids
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What is the floroquinolones used to treat?
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gram (-) rods of urinary and GI tracts including pseudomonas, neisseria and some gram (+)
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How does metronidazole work?
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makes free radicals and toxic metabolites
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What does metronidazole treat?
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antiprotozoal- GET GAP on the Metro
giardia, entamoeba, trichomonas, gardnerella, anaerobes (below diaphragm) |
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How does rifampin work?
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inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
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What does rifampin treat?
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TB
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What is a side effect of rifampin?
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orange body fluids
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How does ethambutol work?
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obstructs cell wall formation by disrupting arabinogalactan synthesis
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What is ethambutol used for?
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TB treatment
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What is the major side effect of ethambutol
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optic neuritis, red-green color blindness are the major ones
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What drugs are used to treat TB?
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INH-SPIRE
isoniazid, strepotmycinm pyrazinamide, rifampin, ethambutol |
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How does pyrazinamide work?
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stops growth by inhibiting fatty acid aynthetase
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How does isoniazid work?
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inhibits synthesis of mycolic acid
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What is amphotericine B used for?
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antifungal
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How does amphotericine B work?
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binds ergosterol and causes perforation of the cell wall
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What are the side effects of amphotericine?
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hypotension, fever and chills, flebitis if IV
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What is nystatin used for?
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antifungal
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How does nystatin work?
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binds to ergosterol
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How is nystatin applied?
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topical for diaper rash or vaginal candidiasis or "swish and swallow" for oral candidiasis
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What are the azoles used for?
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antifungal
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How do the azoles work?
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prevent the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol by inhibiting fungal P450
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