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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Penicillins Mech of action: |
act by binding to specific “penicillin binding proteins” (PBPs) in the bacterial cell wall synthesis. Thus, the cell wall is incompletely formed, and holes or “fenestrations” are present that allow molecules to pass in and out of the cell. The result is cell Lysis-the cell breaks apart.
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Penicillins Adverse effects: |
antibiotics taken orally may also cause gastrointestinal distress, due to the acctions of the drug on the intestine itself; and increase in the amount of yeast infections may be seen; May antibiotics cause hypersensitvity reactions which can be life threating; Decreased activity of oral contraceptives; Increased Bleeding and bruising
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Penicillins Metabolism: |
many penicillins are acid liable… they are rapidly broken down by stomach acid.
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Extended spectrum penicillins List all drugs: |
A. Amoxicillin
B. ampicillin C. Carbenicillin D. Mezlocillin E. Piperacillin F. Ticarcillian |
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Penicillinase resistant penicillins List all drugs: |
A. Cloxacillian
B. dicloxacillian C. nafcillin D. Oxacillin |
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Extended Release Penicillins List all drugs: |
A. Penicilliin V Potassium ( Pen-Vee, Beepen VK)
B. Amoxicillian (Amoxil, Polymox, Trimox, Diamox (with clavulinic acid) C. Ticarcillin ( Nafcillin) |
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Extended Release Penicillins Penicilliin V Potassium ( Pen-Vee, Beepen VK) Form: |
(IV… rapid administration may cause hypersenstitvity reactions)
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Extended Release Penicillins Amoxicillian (Amoxil, Polymox, Trimox, Diamox (with clavulinic acid) Uses: |
more effective against gram negaitive
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Extended Release Penicillins Amoxicillian (Amoxil, Polymox, Trimox, Diamox (with clavulinic acid) Form: |
measured in Mg instead of IU
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Extended Release Penicillins Newer Generation Cephalosporins Mech of action: |
bind to penicillin binding proteins, and since there are so many of these proteins and each controls a different function in the bacterial cell, the actions of these drugs vary.
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Extended Release Penicillins Newer Generation Cephalosporins List all drugs: |
A. Cephalexin ( Keftab (HCI form), biocef, keflex
B. Cefaclor (Ceclor) C. Cefazolin ( Ancef) |
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Extended Release Penicillins Newer Generation Cephalosporins Cefaclor (Ceclor) Elimination: |
Renal
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Macrolide Antibiotics Mech of action: |
these drugs are bacteriostatic, and work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, at the level of the ribosome. It should be noted that, since the ribosomes of bacteria and humans are different, these drugs do not affect human cells.
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Macrolide Antibiotics Erythromycin Adverse effects: |
include diarrhea, otoxicity; irritation and inflammation of the veins with intravenous administration; inhibition of Cytochrome P450 resulting in drug interactions; may cause hepatic dyfunction. May cause pseudomembranous colitis ( a potentially serious inflammation of the colon)
May promote theophylline toxicity if concurrently administered with theophylline |
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Macrolide Antibiotics List all drugs: |
A. Erthromycin Base (e-mycin, Ery-Tab, Robimycin Robitabs, Aknemycin, Staticin, Theramycin Z, T-Stat
B. Erythromycin ethylsuccinate [with sulfasoxazole] (E. E. S., Eryped) C. Erythromycin Estolate (Ilosne) D. Erythromycin Stearate ( Eramycin, Erythrocin) E. Erythromycin lactobionate ( Erythrocin, Erythrocin LA, Erythrocin Lactobionate IV) F. Azithromycin (Zithromax) G. Clarithromycin (Biaxin) |
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Macrolide Antibiotics Clarithromycin (Biaxin) Metabolized: |
extensively by the liver, producing an acive metabolite
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Aminoglyoside Antibiontics Mech of action: |
Inhibit protein synthesis. Aminoglycosides are unique in that they bind to the bacterial ribosome irreversibly and thus are bacteriocidal.
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Aminoglyoside Antibiontics Adverse effects: |
Ototoxicity… may cause permanent deafness in childeren; nephrotoxicity; nephrotoxicity; skeletal muscle blockade
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Aminoglyoside Antibiontics Contraindications: |
pregnancy and loop direutics.Should not be used in the elderly or in dehydrated patient.
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Aminoglyoside Antibiontics List all drugs: |
A. Strptomycin sulfate (streptomycin)
B. Gentamyci ( Garamycin, Opthalmic preparations: Genoptic, Gentacidin) C. Tobramycin (Nebcin [tobramycin sulfate] |
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Tetracycline Antibiotics Mech of action: |
these drugs are bacteriostatic, and work by inhibiting protein synthesis within the bacteriall cell. Tetracyclines have the unique property of being able to enter mammalian cells to affect organisms growing within cells. They are thus DOC’s for intracellular (eg. Rickettsial, mycoplasmic) infections, such as Rocky mountain spotted fever and psittacosis. They are ineffective against virsuses or fungi
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Tetracycline Antibiotics Adverse effects: |
Digestive upset; photosensitivity; drugs will enter developing bone and form complexes with the calcium in the bone, weakening the bone structure. This is a problem with children and will cause staining of teeth and brittle bones. The only exception to this problem is with doxycycline, which does not complx calcium but prefers to complex iron
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Tetracycline Antibiotics Contraindications; |
Drugs that cause photosensitivity; cannot be taken with food or milk; cannot be used in conjunction with antacids that contain calcium, magnesium, or aluminum, nor can they be taken with mineral supplements; Pregnancy.. Nursing and children
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Tetracycline Antibiotics List all drugs: |
A. Tetracycline hydrochloride aka “tetracycline” ( Achromycin V, Nor-tet, Sumycin)
B. Doxycycline (Periostat, Doryx, Monodox, VIBRA-TABS, Aridox, doxycycline) Atridox (doxycycline hyclate) 1. Controlled release formulation of doxycycline hyclate C. Minocycline ( minocin, Arestin, Dynacin |
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Tetracycline Antibiotics Tetracycline hydrochloride aka “tetracycline” ( Achromycin V, Nor-tet, Sumycin) Eliminated: |
Kidney
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Tetracycline Antibiotics Atridox (doxycycline hyclate) 1. Controlled release formulation of doxycycline hyclate Uses: |
placed at base of gum… used gor periodontitis (trenchmoulth)
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Sulfa Drugs (kindey infections) Mech of action: |
inhibit the uptake of para-amino-benzoic-acid (PABA) by bacteria. The PABA is used by the bacteria to make folic acid, which is necessary for DNA synthesis. Without it, the bacteria cannot reproduce, and die.
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Sulfa Drugs (kindey infections) Adverse effects: |
Rash; kidney damage; photosensitivity; discoloration of urine
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Sulfa Drugs (kindey infections List all drugs: |
A. Sulfasalazine (azulfadine, Azulfidine EN (sulfasazine EC-delayed release tablet)
B. Sulfamethoxazole ( Gantanol) C.Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Bactrim IV, Bactrim DS (double stenghth - 160mg and 800mg sulfaoxazole), bactrim PED (pediatric formulation), bethaprim PED; cotrim, cotrim pediatric, cotrim DS; septra, septra IV, sulfameth- Tri, Sulfatrim Trimeth-sulfa) (both drugs interfere with the synthesis of folic acid so they have a beneficial synergicic effects D. Erythromycin-sulfisoxazole (pediazole) |
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Mech of action: |
inhibit the enzyme that supercoils DNA. This enzyme is called topoisomerase I or DNA gyrase and regulates the coiling of DNA. If the enzyme is not present (and active), the DNA cannot be copied, and the cell cannot replicate or make proteins that are necessary for it to survive.
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Contraindications |
theophylline
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics List all drugs: |
A. Gatifloxacin (tequin)
B. Ciprofloxacin (cipro, Ciloyan (opthalmic) C. Ofloxacin (floxin, Ocuflox) |
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Gatifloxacin (tequin) Contraindication: |
mineral supplements zinc mag or iron. 4 hours b/w meals and dose
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Urinary Antiseptics |
Nitrofurantoin (macrodantin, Macrobid)
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Drugs that are effective against Viruses and Fungi Antiviral Agents List all drugs: |
1. Acyclovir ( Zovirax)
2. Valicyclovir (valtrex) 3. Vidarabine (vira-A opthalmic ointment) |
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Drugs that are effective against Viruses and Fungi Antiviral Agents Acyclovir ( Zovirax) Mech of action: |
prevents viral replication by inhibiting viral thymidine kinase.
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Drugs that are effective against Viruses and Fungi Antiviral Agents Acyclovir ( Zovirax) Use: |
therapy of herpes infections
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Drugs that are effective against Viruses and Fungi Antiviral Agents Acyclovir ( Zovirax) Mech of action: |
inbibits viral thymidine kinase.
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Drugs that are effective against Viruses and Fungi Antiviral Agents Valicyclovir (valtrex) Mech: |
this drug is a pro drug. It is converted to acyclovir after absorption.
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Drugs that are effective against Viruses and Fungi Antiretrovial Drugs (Used in the therpy of AIDS) Mech of action: |
act to inhibit the transcription of the viral RNA into DNA, by mimicking the sructures of DNA nucleosides, and interting themselves into the viral DNA Molecule as it is formed. The newly formed DNA is thus unstable and the strands break.
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Drugs that are effective against Viruses and Fungi Antiretrovial Drugs (Used in the therpy of AIDS) List all drugs: |
A. Azidothymidine (AZ)
B. Didanosine (Videx) |
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Drugs that are effective against Viruses and Fungi Antiretrovial Drugs (Used in the therpy of AIDS) Azidothymidine (AZ) Adverse effects: |
produces CNS effects, such as insominia and headaches.
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Drugs that are effective against Viruses and Fungi Antiretrovial Drugs (Used in the therpy of AIDS) Didanosine (Videx) Caution: |
This drug is degraded by acid (acid Labile) so must be administered on an empty stomach
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Drugs that are effective against Viruses and Fungi Antiretrovial Drugs (Used in the therpy of AIDS) Didanosine (Videx) Adverse effects: |
May cause inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), which may be fatal; may enlarge the liver and lactic acidosis
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Drugs that are effective against Viruses and Fungi Antiretrovial Drugs (Used in the therpy of AIDS) Antifungal Drugs Use: |
These drugs are used in the therapy of systemic or topical yeast infections, and superficial fungal infections (eg. Ringworm, nailfungus)
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Drugs that are effective against Viruses and Fungi Antiretrovial Drugs (Used in the therpy of AIDS) Antifungal Drugs List all Drugs: |
A. Fluconazole ( Diflucan)
B. Ketoconazole (Nizoral) |
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Drugs that are effective against Viruses and Fungi
Antifungal Drugs Fluconazole ( Diflucan) Mech of action: |
acts as an enzyme inhibitor. It inhibits fungal cytochrome P450, resulting in a nonfunctional cell.
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Drugs that are effective against Viruses and Fungi Antiretrovial Drugs (Used in the therpy of AIDS) Antifungal Drugs Fluconazole ( Diflucan) Uses: |
vaginal yeast infections (topical) and the therapy of nail fungus
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Drugs that are effective against Viruses and Fungi Antiretrovial Drugs (Used in the therpy of AIDS) Antifungal Drugs Ketoconazole (Nizoral) Adverse effects: |
may cause nausea and vomiting. Decreases cholesterol synthesis with prolonged therapy; may affect steroid hormone production.
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Antitubercular Drugs Mech of action: |
affect the organism mycobacterium tuberculii. This particular stain of bacteria is difficult to eradicate, as it has a thick, waxy coating that makes penetration by conventional antibiotics difficult. Thus, antibiotics in general are not effective in the therapy of tuberculosis.
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Antitubercular Drugs: List all drugs: |
A. Isoniazid (INH)
B. Rifapin (Rifadin, rimactane) |
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ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI INFECTIVES
Antitubercular Drugs: Isoniazid (INH) Adverse effects: |
AST and ALT liver tests
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