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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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who discovered antimicrobials
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alexander fleming
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what does bactericidal mean
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killing of bacteria.
if patient is immunodeficient you have to KILL the bacteria cuz they can't themself |
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what does bacteriostatic mean
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inhibiting bacterial multiplication.
this type of antibiotic only stops bacterial growth; in order to KILL, the host's immune defenses have to work. |
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what does a broad-spectrum antimicrobial do
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it's active against MANY TYPES of microorganisms.
if used too much it'll confer resistance |
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whats a single-spectrum antimicrobial?
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one that's active against only one class of microorganisms.
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Factors of Consideration for choosing an antibiotic:
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-Organism susceptibility
-Antibiotic (Action, toxicity, cost) -Patient (8 points) -Antimicrobial Primary site of action |
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3 general points doctors consider re: antibiotics
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Action - mode of action on cell, microorganism class its effective for, areas of body can/can't be used in
Toxicity - if its toxic to the patient Cost |
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Antimicrobials that inhibit cell wall synthesis
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Beta Lactam Group
-Penicillin -Synthetics - all end in 'cillin' Cephalosporins Monobactams Carbapenems Penicillinase-resistant Penicillins Glycopeptides - Vancomycin Bacitracin |
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How do antimicrobials that inhibit cell wall synthesis operate?
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Effective during cell division only
-affect peptidoglycan layer formation -cell wall disruption = integrity disruption; BACTERICIDAL |
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Beta-lactamase
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enzyme which breaks down the beta-lactam ring in penicillins and cephalosporins. now produced by many bacteria, enabling them to resist antimicrobial agents.
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How to overcome the beta-lactamase resistance of bacteria
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combine beta-lactam antibiotic (penicillin or cephalosporin)with a beta-lactamase inhibitor like Clavulanic acid or sulbactam
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Clavulanic acid and Sulbactam:
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agents that confer resistence to beta-lactamase when combined with antimicrobial agent (penicillins or cephalosphorins)
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antimicrobials that inhibit cell membrane synthesis:
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Polymyxin
Nystatin Amphotericin B Clotrimazole Fluconazole Miconazole Ketoconazole |
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How do antimicrobials that inhibit cell membrane synthesis act?
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don't differentiate well between microorganisms and mammalian cells, so very TOXIC and not prescirbed much
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Antimicrobials that inhibit metabolic pathways
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Cotrimoxazole
Sulfonamide Isoniazid Para-aminosalicylic acid 5-Fluorocytosine |
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Cotrimoxazole:
-Mode of action -Against what -Also called |
-Inhibits metabolic pathways
-Gram + and - esp in Urinary tract inf. Also called Bactrim -mixture of Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim; BACTERICIDAL |
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antimicrobials that inhibit protein synthesis
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Tetracyclines (except Vancomycin)
Aminoglycosides Chloramphenicol Lincosamides Macrolides blablabla |
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Whats bad about tetracycline
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discolors teeth of fetus/young child
harmful to pregnancy |
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whats bad about aminoglycosides (what type of antibiotic are they)
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they are protein synthesis inhibitors
bactericidal quite toxic - renal and ototoxic - ear |
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tetracycline - bacteriostatic or cidal?
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static; bacteriostatic.
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