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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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[penicillins]
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SE - allergic, can be VERY SEVERE incl anaphylaxis (pre-pen skin test) (low incidence. less common w/ synthetic PCNs), rash, fever, elevated liver Ezs, hemolytic anemia, nephritis, seizures, *all antibacterials can cause diarrhea, enterocolitis*
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ticarcillin
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broad G- spectrum, incl. Pseudomonas (some enterobacter and proteus), retain some G+ activity, good for some anaerobes
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piperacillin
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broad G- spectrum, incl. some pseudomonas and klebsiella (incl. those that are ticarcillin-resistant)
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[cephalosporin]
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NO cephalosporin good for enterococcus, MRSA, Listeria, Campy jejuni, Legionella, C. diff, Acinetobacter
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cefazolin
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Effective G+ activity; good for Staph and Strep, surgical prophylaxis, some use for G- ( UTI d/t E.coli, Proteus)
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cephalexin
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same as cefazolin; useful for skin, bone/joint, UTIs, respiratory, otitis media
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cefaclor
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incr G- activity (incl Hae inf); less active against some G+ (staph)
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cefuroxime
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incr G- activity (incl Hae inf); less active against some G+ (staph)
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cefoxitin
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same as cefaclor
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cefotetan
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incr G- activity (incl Hae inf); less active against some G+ (staph); good for anerobes (Bacteriodes)
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ceftriaxone
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more active against gm-, drug of choice: Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus; less effective @ Staph, good Strep, some anerobes, some B-lactamase gm-
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ceftazidime
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same; works on some Pseudomonas
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cefepime
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empirical for serious inpatient infn. Similar to ceftazidme, but more B-lactamase res.
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sulbactam
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same
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fosfomycin
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uncomplicated UTIs caused by E.coli or enterococcus
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bacitracin
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Topical use only for G+ (incl PCN-resistant staph)
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polymyxin B
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Topical use for Pseudomonas/G- infxn; IM or intrathecal for SERIOUS G- infxn (incl Pseudomonas)
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daptomycin
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complicated G+ skin/skin structure infxns (abscess, ulcers, post-surgical wounds, s. aureus, GAS, GBS, vancomycin susceptible enterococcus); NOT for pneumonia- inactivated by surfactant
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[quinolones]
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limited use w/ nonfluorinated cmpds (UTIs from enterobacteriaceae); dependent on AUC24/MIC; is get too high conc then become -static
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norfloxacin
|
prototype quinolone for UTIs (enterobacteriaceae, some Pse aer, staph & enterococcus) and uncomplicated gonorrhea
|
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ciprofloxacin
|
same and less gm+, more gm- activity; infectious diarrhea (shigella, C. jejuni, ETEC), skin infn. (Ps. Aeu.), chlamydia, bone and joint inf, anthrax
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moxifloxacin
|
better gm+ action w/ gm- also, repiratory infn, community acquired pnuemo, bacterial bronchitis
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nitrofurantoin
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lower UTIs (not renal; e.coli, enterococcus, staph)
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rifampin
|
pulmonary tuberculosis; meningitis prophylaxis (d/t neisseria or Hae inf type b); for difficult infections in combo w/other drugs
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metronidazole
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anaerobes; 1st choice for C. diff enterocolitis; combo Tx for H. pylori, Gardnerella vaginosis
|
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[aminoglycoside]
|
more effective against G- than G+ (G+ requires combo w/ cell wall inhibitor to enhance aminoglycoside permeability-cant run in same IV) ineffective against anaerobes; primarily for G- aerobic bacilli (enterobacteriaceae and pse aer, some staph and strep); use restricted to serious infections d/t toxicity; narrow therapeutic window
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gentamicin
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pse aer, klebsiella, enterobacter, serratia
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tobramycin
|
same orgs; aerosolized to treat Pse aer lung infxn in cystic fibrosis pt; can treat gentamicin-resisitant Pse strains
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amikacin
|
same orgs; Tx gentamicin and tobramycin resistant strains
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[tetracyclines]
|
were once broad-spectrum against wide variety of gram+ and gram- aerobes and anaerobes; resistance has increased dramatically so use is now limited; preferred agents for rickettsia, chlamydia, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, actinomyces, 1st choice for borrelia (Lyme Dz)
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|
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doxycycline
|
reduced toxicity so used in pt w/ impaired renal function; Pen G sens syphillis in allergic pts.
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minocycline
|
MOST lipophilic so used as prophylaxis of neisseria meningitidis; also for Pen G sens Syphillis
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|
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tigecycline
|
skin/skin structure infxns, complicated intraabdominal infxns, CAP, G- (E.coli, citrobacter, klebsilla, enterobacter), G+ (MRSA, MSSA), Anaerobes (Bacteroides, C. perfringens)
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chloram-phenicol
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broad spectrum(aerobes, anaerobes, G+, G-); very serious SE restrict its use only when no other agents suitable; alternate agent for Tx of meningitis (3rd G cephalosporins chosen 1st), brain abscess, severe salmonella typhoid fever, secondary for rickettsial dz, brucellosis
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clarithromycin
|
broader spectrum (in addn to erythromycin - hae inf, mycoplasma, legionella, str pne); alternative to erythromycin for Tx of pharyngitis, respiratory infxns, soft tissue infections, acute sinusitis; used in combo to Tx H. pylori (clarithromycin + amoxicillin + lansoprazole); atypical mycobacterial infxn in AIDS pt
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telithromycin
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respiratory pathogens including those resistant to macrolides (str pne, hae inf, mycoplasma, moraxella) that cause community-acquired pneumonia
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clindamycin
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inhibits most G+ cocci and many anaerobes incl B. fragilis; problem of SERIOUS colitis limits use to serious infxns where other agents are inappropriate
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linezolid
|
skin infxns: VRE, S. aureus (MRSA, MSSA), GAS, GBS, nosocomial pneumonia (S. aureus, Str pne- even multi-drug resistant)
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|
[sulfonamides]
|
used to be preferred agents for Tx of UTIs; now, resistant bacteria, SE, and availability of other agents have reduced its use; most commonly given w/ trimethoprim for UTIs, bacillary dysentery (shigella), typhoid fever (salmonella); topical agent for burns
|
|
|
silver sulfadiazine
|
same; used topically to prevent infxn in burn pt
|
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|
sulfa-methoxazole
|
same
|
|
|
trimethoprim
|
most often in conjuction w/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) b/c of synergistic effects that are bactericidal; 1st choice for UTIs, respiratory tract and ear infxns; 1st choice for Pneumocystis jiroveci
|
|
|
trimethoprim
|
most often in conjuction w/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) b/c of synergistic effects that are bactericidal; UTIs, respiratory tract and ear infxns; 1st choice for Pneumocystis jiroveci
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isoniazid (INH)
|
MOST important primary TB drug; all pt w/INH-sensitive strains should receive INH if possible; Tx always given in combo with other agents; prophylactically given alone
|
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|
rifampin
|
very effective when used w/ isoniazid or other agents; never used alone
|
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|
ethambutol
|
in conjunction w/other drugs
|
|
|
pyrazinamide
|
in combo; impt component of short-term multi-drug therapy
|
|
|
streptomycin
|
first effective agent available for TB, now least used of "first-line" agents; usually reserved for most serious forms of TB (disseminated dz)
|
|
|
rifabutin
|
single-agent prophylaxis of m. avium-intracellulare (MAC) in AIDS pt (CD4+<100); alternative to rifampin for multi-drug Tx of MAC or other mycobacteria
|
|
|
clarithromycin
|
part of multi-drug regimen for Tx of m. avium-intracellulare in AIDS pt; MAC prophylaxis
|
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dapsone
|
used in combo w/other drugs (rifampin) to Tx mycobacterium leprae; prophylaxis for leprosy contacts; prophylaxis and Tx of pneumocystis jiroveci in AIDS pt
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clofazimine
|
only in combo chemotherapy, often for sulfone-resistant (dapsone) leprosy; also in combo for MAC in AIDS pt
|
|
|
rifampin
|
widely used in combo therapy (w/dapsone)
|
|
|
[penicillins]
|
SE - allergic, can be VERY SEVERE incl anaphylaxis (pre-pen skin test) (low incidence. less common w/ synthetic PCNs), rash, fever, elevated liver Ezs, hemolytic anemia, nephritis, seizures, *all antibacterials can cause diarrhea, enterocolitis*
|
|
|
ticarcillin
|
broad G- spectrum, incl. Pseudomonas (some enterobacter and proteus), retain some G+ activity, good for some anaerobes
|
|
|
piperacillin
|
broad G- spectrum, incl. some pseudomonas and klebsiella (incl. those that are ticarcillin-resistant)
|
|
|
[cephalosporin]
|
NO cephalosporin good for enterococcus, MRSA, Listeria, Campy jejuni, Legionella, C. diff, Acinetobacter
|
|
|
cefazolin
|
Effective G+ activity; good for Staph and Strep, surgical prophylaxis, some use for G- ( UTI d/t E.coli, Proteus)
|
|
|
cephalexin
|
same as cefazolin; useful for skin, bone/joint, UTIs, respiratory, otitis media
|
|
|
cefaclor
|
incr G- activity (incl Hae inf); less active against some G+ (staph)
|
|
|
cefuroxime
|
incr G- activity (incl Hae inf); less active against some G+ (staph)
|
|
|
cefoxitin
|
same as cefaclor
|
|
|
cefotetan
|
incr G- activity (incl Hae inf); less active against some G+ (staph); good for anerobes (Bacteriodes)
|
|
|
ceftriaxone
|
more active against gm-, drug of choice: Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus; less effective @ Staph, good Strep, some anerobes, some B-lactamase gm-
|
|
|
ceftazidime
|
same; works on some Pseudomonas
|
|
|
cefepime
|
empirical for serious inpatient infn. Similar to ceftazidme, but more B-lactamase res.
|
|
|
sulbactam
|
same
|
|
|
fosfomycin
|
uncomplicated UTIs caused by E.coli or enterococcus
|
|
|
bacitracin
|
Topical use only for G+ (incl PCN-resistant staph)
|
|
|
polymyxin B
|
Topical use for Pseudomonas/G- infxn; IM or intrathecal for SERIOUS G- infxn (incl Pseudomonas)
|
|
|
daptomycin
|
complicated G+ skin/skin structure infxns (abscess, ulcers, post-surgical wounds, s. aureus, GAS, GBS, vancomycin susceptible enterococcus); NOT for pneumonia- inactivated by surfactant
|
|
|
[quinolones]
|
limited use w/ nonfluorinated cmpds (UTIs from enterobacteriaceae); dependent on AUC24/MIC; is get too high conc then become -static
|
|
|
norfloxacin
|
prototype quinolone for UTIs (enterobacteriaceae, some Pse aer, staph & enterococcus) and uncomplicated gonorrhea
|
|
|
ciprofloxacin
|
same and less gm+, more gm- activity; infectious diarrhea (shigella, C. jejuni, ETEC), skin infn. (Ps. Aeu.), chlamydia, bone and joint inf, anthrax
|
|
|
moxifloxacin
|
better gm+ action w/ gm- also, repiratory infn, community acquired pnuemo, bacterial bronchitis
|
|
|
nitrofurantoin
|
lower UTIs (not renal; e.coli, enterococcus, staph)
|
|
|
rifampin
|
pulmonary tuberculosis; meningitis prophylaxis (d/t neisseria or Hae inf type b); for difficult infections in combo w/other drugs
|
|
|
metronidazole
|
anaerobes; 1st choice for C. diff enterocolitis; combo Tx for H. pylori, Gardnerella vaginosis
|
|
|
[aminoglycoside]
|
more effective against G- than G+ (G+ requires combo w/ cell wall inhibitor to enhance aminoglycoside permeability-cant run in same IV) ineffective against anaerobes; primarily for G- aerobic bacilli (enterobacteriaceae and pse aer, some staph and strep); use restricted to serious infections d/t toxicity; narrow therapeutic window
|
|
|
gentamicin
|
pse aer, klebsiella, enterobacter, serratia
|
|
|
tobramycin
|
same orgs; aerosolized to treat Pse aer lung infxn in cystic fibrosis pt; can treat gentamicin-resisitant Pse strains
|
|
|
amikacin
|
same orgs; Tx gentamicin and tobramycin resistant strains
|
|
|
[tetracyclines]
|
were once broad-spectrum against wide variety of gram+ and gram- aerobes and anaerobes; resistance has increased dramatically so use is now limited; preferred agents for rickettsia, chlamydia, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, actinomyces, 1st choice for borrelia (Lyme Dz)
|
|
|
doxycycline
|
reduced toxicity so used in pt w/ impaired renal function; Pen G sens syphillis in allergic pts.
|
|
|
minocycline
|
MOST lipophilic so used as prophylaxis of neisseria meningitidis; also for Pen G sens Syphillis
|
|
|
tigecycline
|
skin/skin structure infxns, complicated intraabdominal infxns, CAP, G- (E.coli, citrobacter, klebsilla, enterobacter), G+ (MRSA, MSSA), Anaerobes (Bacteroides, C. perfringens)
|
|
|
chloram-phenicol
|
broad spectrum(aerobes, anaerobes, G+, G-); very serious SE restrict its use only when no other agents suitable; alternate agent for Tx of meningitis (3rd G cephalosporins chosen 1st), brain abscess, severe salmonella typhoid fever, secondary for rickettsial dz, brucellosis
|
|
|
clarithromycin
|
broader spectrum (in addn to erythromycin - hae inf, mycoplasma, legionella, str pne); alternative to erythromycin for Tx of pharyngitis, respiratory infxns, soft tissue infections, acute sinusitis; used in combo to Tx H. pylori (clarithromycin + amoxicillin + lansoprazole); atypical mycobacterial infxn in AIDS pt
|
|
|
telithromycin
|
respiratory pathogens including those resistant to macrolides (str pne, hae inf, mycoplasma, moraxella) that cause community-acquired pneumonia
|
|
|
clindamycin
|
inhibits most G+ cocci and many anaerobes incl B. fragilis; problem of SERIOUS colitis limits use to serious infxns where other agents are inappropriate
|
|
|
linezolid
|
skin infxns: VRE, S. aureus (MRSA, MSSA), GAS, GBS, nosocomial pneumonia (S. aureus, Str pne- even multi-drug resistant)
|
|
|
[sulfonamides]
|
used to be preferred agents for Tx of UTIs; now, resistant bacteria, SE, and availability of other agents have reduced its use; most commonly given w/ trimethoprim for UTIs, bacillary dysentery (shigella), typhoid fever (salmonella); topical agent for burns
|
|
|
silver sulfadiazine
|
same; used topically to prevent infxn in burn pt
|
|
|
sulfa-methoxazole
|
same
|
|
|
trimethoprim
|
most often in conjuction w/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) b/c of synergistic effects that are bactericidal; 1st choice for UTIs, respiratory tract and ear infxns; 1st choice for Pneumocystis jiroveci
|
|
|
trimethoprim
|
most often in conjuction w/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) b/c of synergistic effects that are bactericidal; UTIs, respiratory tract and ear infxns; 1st choice for Pneumocystis jiroveci
|
|
|
isoniazid (INH)
|
MOST important primary TB drug; all pt w/INH-sensitive strains should receive INH if possible; Tx always given in combo with other agents; prophylactically given alone
|
|
|
rifampin
|
very effective when used w/ isoniazid or other agents; never used alone
|
|
|
ethambutol
|
in conjunction w/other drugs
|
|
|
pyrazinamide
|
in combo; impt component of short-term multi-drug therapy
|
|
|
streptomycin
|
first effective agent available for TB, now least used of "first-line" agents; usually reserved for most serious forms of TB (disseminated dz)
|
|
|
rifabutin
|
single-agent prophylaxis of m. avium-intracellulare (MAC) in AIDS pt (CD4+<100); alternative to rifampin for multi-drug Tx of MAC or other mycobacteria
|
|
|
clarithromycin
|
part of multi-drug regimen for Tx of m. avium-intracellulare in AIDS pt; MAC prophylaxis
|
|
|
dapsone
|
used in combo w/other drugs (rifampin) to Tx mycobacterium leprae; prophylaxis for leprosy contacts; prophylaxis and Tx of pneumocystis jiroveci in AIDS pt
|
|
|
clofazimine
|
only in combo chemotherapy, often for sulfone-resistant (dapsone) leprosy; also in combo for MAC in AIDS pt
|
|
|
rifampin
|
widely used in combo therapy (w/dapsone)
|
