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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Tissue injury releases ____, which breaks down phospholipids to arachidonic acid |
phospholipase |
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Chemicals found in all body tissues. involved in causing pain and inflammation while others maintainGIT renal and ophthalmic function |
Prostaglandins |
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Normally found in most tissues Involved in the production of the good prostaglandins Plays a role in protecting the gastric mucosa, regulating blood to the kidneys and platelet function (clotting) |
COX-1 |
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Produced in damaged or inflamed tissues and helps to synthesize the not so good prostaglandins that causes pain |
COX-2 |
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Ideally in anti-inflamms we want to block COX- |
2 |
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Released by adrenal cortex in response to ACTH or CRF |
Cortisol |
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ACTH |
adrenocorticotropic hormone from anterior pituitary |
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CRF |
corticotrophin releasing factor from hypothalamus |
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Chance of developing ___ if animal is taken off steroids quickly |
Addisons |
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Stabilize cell membranes decrease fluid and cell build up in area of tissue damage decrease attraction of inflammatory cells and release of histamine from cells inhibits fibroblasts |
Anti-inflammatory |
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Increases blood glucose levels by increasing catabolism of proteins and fat. which break down into simple glucose. |
Gluconeogenic |
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Cortisol is the hormone released from mature fetal adrenal to initiate parturition. |
Initiation or Parturition |
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immune system is suppressed and animal is more susceptible to infection. Wound healing will be slowed. |
Immunosuppression |
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see pot-belly, thin hair coat, alopecia, from catabolism of muscle, fat. |
Cushing disease |
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Can occur with abrupt withdrawal from long term corticosteroid use- must withdraw gradually Suppresses natural feedback for ACTH and CRF |
Iatrogenic Addisons |
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Steroids with the shortest duration |
Hydrocortisone |
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Medium Duration |
Preds |
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Longer Duration |
Methasones |
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Absorbed fastest |
Aqueous solution |
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Prednisone is a ____ acting base |
fast |
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Dexamethasone is a ____ acting base |
medium |
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Methylprednisone is a ____ acting base |
Long |
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Affect minerals in body such as Na, K and water and electrolyte balance Conserve sodium and eliminates potassium |
Mineralcorticoids |
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Decrease inflammation, analgesic, antipyretic |
NSAIDS |
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NSAIDS that inhibit COX-2 decrease____ |
inflammation and pain |
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Cats are deficient in _________ in the liver – many drugs often last a lot longer in cats and can build up to toxic levels |
Glucuronyl Transferase |
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Adverse side effect of NSAIDS- increase risk of stomach ___ |
ulcers |
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Eg. (Aspirin®) OTColder family of drugs - non-selective COX inhibitor used for mild arthritis in dogs, and to decrease platelet clumping Used for heartworm and feline cardiomyopathy. |
Salicylates |
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Comes in paste, tablets and injectable formStronger action than salicylates Used for musculoskeletal pain Non-selective COX inhibitor Used mainly in horses can be used in dogs |
Phenylbutazone |
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Stronger action than phenylbutazone or aspirin.non-selective COX inhibitor used for gut pain = colic Has anti-endotoxic properties as well – used in toxic bacterial infections |
Flunixin meglumine |
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same family as ibuprofen T ½ is too long more selective COX-2 inhibitor, still has COX -1 activity |
Propionic acids |
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Ketoprofen, carprofen |
Propionic acids |
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labelled for dogs, cats, horses, cattle, swine Is available as tablets and injectable. Loading dose 2X maintenance dose Often used as post-surgical treatment for pain.May cause increased bleeding |
Ketoprofen |
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Selectively inhibits COX-2Approved only in DOGSIndicated for pain associated with soft tissue and orthopedic surgery and arthritis |
Carprofen |
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Approved for dogs and catsNon selective Cox inhibitorNo double dosing first dayNo increase in bleeding timeMinimal effects on the renal, hepatic and GI systems |
Tolfenamic |
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Selectively inhibits COX-2 Less potential to cause stomach ulcers so good for long term use such as osteoarthritis but still recommended to give with food Loading dose is given the first day |
Meloxicam |
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Is 385 times more selective for COX-2 than COX1 Causes no increase in bleeding or clotting time even at 5X recommended dose Approved for use in puppies as young as 10 weeks Does not need a loading dose Can be given with or without foodDogs only, not approved in cats |
Firocoxib |
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Dogs only - chewable tablets Selectively inhibits COX-2 at label dosage Can be given with or without food Can be given 2 hours prior to sx Does not increase bleeding or clotting timesSimilar SE’s as other NSAID’s on GIT and kidneys |
Deracoxib |
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Dogs and catsFlavored tablets or injectable Can be given with or without food Indicated for pain associated with soft tissue and orthopedic surgery in dogs and for cat bites, musculoskeletal injuries, onychectomy, OVH and castration in cats |
Robenacoxib |
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Injection and oral paste for horses Oral quick dissolving tablets for dogs Labeled for pain associated with osteoarthritisNot approved for use in Canada |
Tepoxalin |
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was a solvent – will still dissolve many plasticsvery lipophilic – will absorb very quickly through skin and carry other drugs with it.very hygroscopic – attracts water – used IV to treat West Nile Virus in horses Use with Furacin® as leg sweat in horses Used in some dog ear medications (Synotic®) |
DMSO |
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used as anti-spasmotic and analgesic in horses and dogs Great for gas colic, relaxes the gut can be used IM or IV OTC |
Dipyrone |
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is an analgesic only Not anti-inflammatory Not ulcerogenic |
Acetominophen |
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natural substance in body ↑ Viscosity of joint fluid ↓ Enzymes which destroy cartilage Traps water in hyaline cartilage to ↓ resistance to compression |
Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans |
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a neutraceutical Glucosamine-amino sugar used to make PSGAGChondroiten – glycosaminoglycan that combines with hyaluronic acid to make the basic cartilage matrix |
Glucosamine and chondroiten sulfate |