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45 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Tissue injury releases ____, which breaks down phospholipids to arachidonic acid

phospholipase

Chemicals found in all body tissues.


involved in causing pain and inflammation while others maintainGIT renal and ophthalmic function

Prostaglandins

Normally found in most tissues


Involved in the production of the good prostaglandins


Plays a role in protecting the gastric mucosa, regulating blood to the kidneys and platelet function (clotting)

COX-1

Produced in damaged or inflamed tissues and helps to synthesize the not so good prostaglandins that causes pain

COX-2

Ideally in anti-inflamms we want to block COX-

2

Released by adrenal cortex in response to ACTH or CRF

Cortisol

ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone from anterior pituitary

CRF

corticotrophin releasing factor from hypothalamus

Chance of developing ___ if animal is taken off steroids quickly

Addisons

Stabilize cell membranes


decrease fluid and cell build up in area of tissue damage


decrease attraction of inflammatory cells and release of histamine from cells


inhibits fibroblasts



Anti-inflammatory

Increases blood glucose levels by increasing catabolism of proteins and fat. which break down into simple glucose.

Gluconeogenic

Cortisol is the hormone released from mature fetal adrenal to initiate parturition.

Initiation or Parturition

immune system is suppressed and animal is more susceptible to infection.


Wound healing will be slowed.

Immunosuppression

see pot-belly, thin hair coat, alopecia, from catabolism of muscle, fat.

Cushing disease

Can occur with abrupt withdrawal from long term corticosteroid use- must withdraw gradually


Suppresses natural feedback for ACTH and CRF

Iatrogenic Addisons

Steroids with the shortest duration

Hydrocortisone

Medium Duration

Preds

Longer Duration

Methasones

Absorbed fastest

Aqueous solution

Prednisone is a ____ acting base

fast

Dexamethasone is a ____ acting base

medium

Methylprednisone is a ____ acting base

Long

Affect minerals in body such as Na, K and water and electrolyte balance


Conserve sodium and eliminates potassium

Mineralcorticoids

Decrease inflammation, analgesic, antipyretic

NSAIDS

NSAIDS that inhibit COX-2 decrease____

inflammation and pain

Cats are deficient in _________ in the liver – many drugs often last a lot longer in cats and can build up to toxic levels

Glucuronyl Transferase

Adverse side effect of NSAIDS- increase risk of stomach ___

ulcers

Eg. (Aspirin®)


OTColder family of drugs - non-selective COX inhibitor


used for mild arthritis in dogs, and to decrease platelet clumping


Used for heartworm and feline cardiomyopathy.

Salicylates

Comes in paste, tablets and injectable formStronger action than salicylates


Used for musculoskeletal pain


Non-selective COX inhibitor


Used mainly in horses can be used in dogs

Phenylbutazone

Stronger action than phenylbutazone or aspirin.non-selective COX inhibitor


used for gut pain = colic


Has anti-endotoxic properties as well – used in toxic bacterial infections

Flunixin meglumine

same family as ibuprofen


T ½ is too long


more selective COX-2 inhibitor, still has COX -1 activity

Propionic acids

Ketoprofen, carprofen

Propionic acids

labelled for dogs, cats, horses, cattle, swine


Is available as tablets and injectable.


Loading dose 2X maintenance dose


Often used as post-surgical treatment for pain.May cause increased bleeding

Ketoprofen

Selectively inhibits COX-2Approved only in DOGSIndicated for pain associated with soft tissue and orthopedic surgery and arthritis

Carprofen

Approved for dogs and catsNon selective Cox inhibitorNo double dosing first dayNo increase in bleeding timeMinimal effects on the renal, hepatic and GI systems

Tolfenamic

Selectively inhibits COX-2


Less potential to cause stomach ulcers so good for long term use such as osteoarthritis but still recommended to give with food


Loading dose is given the first day

Meloxicam

Is 385 times more selective for COX-2 than COX1


Causes no increase in bleeding or clotting time even at 5X recommended dose


Approved for use in puppies as young as 10 weeks


Does not need a loading dose


Can be given with or without foodDogs only, not approved in cats

Firocoxib

Dogs only - chewable tablets


Selectively inhibits COX-2 at label dosage


Can be given with or without food


Can be given 2 hours prior to sx


Does not increase bleeding or clotting timesSimilar SE’s as other NSAID’s on GIT and kidneys

Deracoxib

Dogs and catsFlavored tablets or injectable


Can be given with or without food


Indicated for pain associated with soft tissue and orthopedic surgery in dogs and for cat bites, musculoskeletal injuries, onychectomy, OVH and castration in cats

Robenacoxib

Injection and oral paste for horses


Oral quick dissolving tablets for dogs


Labeled for pain associated with osteoarthritisNot approved for use in Canada

Tepoxalin

was a solvent – will still dissolve many plasticsvery lipophilic – will absorb very quickly through skin and carry other drugs with it.very hygroscopic – attracts water – used IV to treat West Nile Virus in horses


Use with Furacin® as leg sweat in horses


Used in some dog ear medications (Synotic®)

DMSO

used as anti-spasmotic and analgesic in horses and dogs


Great for gas colic, relaxes the gut


can be used IM or IV


OTC

Dipyrone

is an analgesic only


Not anti-inflammatory


Not ulcerogenic

Acetominophen

natural substance in body


↑ Viscosity of joint fluid


↓ Enzymes which destroy cartilage


Traps water in hyaline cartilage to ↓ resistance to compression

Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans

a neutraceutical


Glucosamine-amino sugar used to make PSGAGChondroiten – glycosaminoglycan that combines with hyaluronic acid to make the basic cartilage matrix

Glucosamine and chondroiten sulfate