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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are anti-infective drugs used for?
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to prevent or treat infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms.
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Adverse reactions for anti-infective use
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1.Toxic effects-kidney,liver, auditory, optic, GI tract
2.allergic reactions-skin, bone marrow, blood 3.superinfections-yeast, thrush |
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What are 5 types of mechanism of actions for anti-infectives?
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1.inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2.inhibition of protien synthesis 3.disruption of cell membranes 4.interfering w/nucleic acid synthesis 5.inhibition of cell metabolism |
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these drugs are inactive against anaerobic bacteria and are used in gram negative sepsis and many life threatening infections.
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Aminoglycosides
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What are the 3 main aminoglycosides?
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1. gentamycin
2. garamycin 3. tobramycin |
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Regarding toxicity, aminoglycosides are very______&_______.
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ototoxic and nephrotoxic
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2 priorty nursing implications r/t aminoglycosides.
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1.know if pt can hear first
2.ck BUN & creatinine before administering. |
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Who is included in the at risk population for adverse effects of aminoglycosides?
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-elderly
-dehydrated -renal impaired -those receiving concommitant therapy w/an ototoxic or nephrotoxic drug |
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common adverse reactions to aminoglycosides (2)
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nausea
diarrhea |
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What is the goal level during the peak for aminioglycosides?
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between 4 and 8 mcg/ml for gentamicin-draw peak 1/2 hr after an infusion ends.
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What is the goal level during the trough for aminoglycosides?
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lower than 2mcg/ml-draw trough 1/2 hr before next dose.
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In General, how long should aminoglycosides be given for?
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no longer than 10 days
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these drugs have a broad spectrum and are bactericidal, they are also famous for anaphylaxis.
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Penicillins
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What are the 3 common penicillins listed?
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-ampicillin
-penicillin G -ticarcillin |
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The concurrent administration of which drug increases penicillin serum concentration by how much?
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probenecid
increases by 50-100% |
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What are penecillins known to decrease the effectiveness of?
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oral contraceptives
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This group of anti-infectives are classified by "generations" based on spectra of activiity.
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Cephalosporins
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These 4 are common known cephalosporins?
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-cefizox
-ceclor -cefzil -ancef |
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priority nursing implications r/t to the route given for cephalosporins.
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-IM is painful
-IV-thrombophlebitis -PO-give with food |
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These anti-infectives have a broad spectrum and are commonly given in a low dose to tx acne.
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Tetracyclines
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What is the main tetracycline given in notes?
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doxycycline/Vibramycin
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These 3 are important for nurses to know regarding tetracyclines.
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-milk products prevent absorption
-discolors teeth permanently if given to kids under 8 yrs old. -decrease oral contraceptive effectiveness |
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This drug has a limited use due to an adverse effect of aplastic anemia.
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Chloramphenicol
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what drug is prescribed for tx of Gray Syndrome?
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Chloramphenicol
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Chloramphenicol is known to inhibit metabolism of these 3 and known to cause______.
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hypoglycemic agents
oral anticoagulants anticonvulsants -causes bone marrow suppression |
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What are the 2 anti-infectives that are reserved for serious infections.
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clindamycin
lincomycin |
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This is an adverse effect of clindamycin and lindomycin characterized w/ severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and mucous and blood in the stool.
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pseudomembranous colitis- 80% of patients experience the diarrhea
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These anti-infectives are safe &effective but should not be given IM.
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Macrolides (zpacks)
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what is the main drug listed for macrolides?
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erythromycin
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what is the main adverse effect of erythromycin?
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GI upset
-do not give w/meals(food decreases absorption) -take on an empty stomach/full glass of h20 |
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what is another common listed adverse effect of erythromycin?
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Cholestatic hepatitis
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most important nursing implications r/t to these anti-infectives is to increase fluids and monitor I&O.
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sulfonamides-r/t precipitation of sulfonamide crystals in the urinary tract
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Most common known sulfonamides?
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sulfisoxasole, Bactrim
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sulfonamides are known to cause ________ and are contraindicated for_______.
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they cause photosensitivity and should not be taken if allergic to sulfonyureas
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This is a big bang med similar to aminoglycosides and used for tx of MSRA.
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Vancomycin
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Relating to toxicity, vancomycin is _____&_____.
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ototoxic and nephrotoxic
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This is associated with rapid IV administration of vancomycin.
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Red Man Syndrome-flushing from toes to face very rapidly-drops BP--need monitor peak and troughs
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these drugs have a very broad spectrum and "kill everything"
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Carbapenems
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Main carbapenem drug given from notes-need to know.
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imipenem-cilastatin sodium
(Primaxin) |
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what are the most common adverse effects of carbapenems?
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-nausea
-vomiting -diarrhea -some seizures in elderly |
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Before administering any antibacterial agent, what should the nurse do?
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-ensure that specimens have been obtained for culture and sensitivity testing.
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what are the 5 antituberculous drugs recommended by the CDC?
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INH, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, and either ethambutol or streptomycin
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What else is recommended by CDC r/t TB?
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-culture & sens. on all cases
-directly observe that client tks drug -6mo therapy/or 3 mo after neg cultures |
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Always remember TB drugs=
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Liver Function tests
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What is the most important drug for treating TB?
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INH (Nydrazid)
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What are 2 possible adverse effects of INH/Nydrazid given for TB.
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peripheral neuritis-treat w/vitB6
-hepatitis-check liver function studies |
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this drug is always used in combination w/at least 1 other antituberculous drug in tx of TB
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Rifampin
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most common adverse rx of Rifampin
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GI upset
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what is Rifampin known to cause in pts taking this drug?
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red-orange discoloration of sweat, tears, saliva, urine & feces
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What are the unlabeled uses for Rifampin?
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-tx of Hansen's disease(leprosy)
-tx of staphylococcus infections |
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this drug is used in combination therapy w/INH and Rifampin
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Ethambutol
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most common adv.effect of Ethambutol
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optic neuritis-usually reversible
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as a rule, how long does antitubercular drug therapy continue for?
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1 year
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this drug is the primary antileprosy drug
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Dapsone
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what is the 2nd best drug choice given as an antileprosy drug?
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Rifampin
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most common adverse reaction of antileprosy drugs
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hemolytic anemia-lysis of RBCs resulting in pallor, fatigue, dyspnea.
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what is another common adverse effect of antileprosy drugs?
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methemoglobinemia (cyanosis)
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a name for drugs used to prevent or treat viral infections
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antiviral agents
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why is there difficulty in developing antiviral drugs?
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b/c of the virus/host relationship
-intracellular parasites -viruses do not have cell walls |
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Most commonly used anti-herpes agent
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Acyclovir/Zovirax
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when acyclovir/Zovirax is admin orally, what is it used to treat?
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initial and recurrent genital herpes, cold sores, and shingles
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Important to remember this when acyclovir/Zovirax is given for Herpes
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-that does not cure Herpes/ will not prevent spread of disease or recurrence. does shorten the episode.
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what drug is used for tx of herpes encephalitis?
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vidarabine (Vira-A)
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common adv rx of vidarabine/Vira-A
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nausea & vomiting (GI)
weakness, tremor, & confusion (CNS) |
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what drug is given to prevent and treat Influenza A?
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amantadine (Symmatrel)-not the same as an immunization
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common adv effects of amantidine/Symmatrel
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nausea
anorexia nervousness headache |
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patients w/ this disorder are more prone to attacks while on amantidine/Symmatrel
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seizure disorders
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What drug is used for tx of respiratory tract infections caused by the RSV in children?
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Ribarvirin/Virazole-administered only by inhalation
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This is the first drug to receive FDA approval for tx of AIDS/AIDS-related complex.
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zidovudine/AZT-does not cure AIDS-pt remains a carrier of HIV
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most frequent adverse rx of zidovudine/AZT given for AIDS
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are hematologic-monitor for decreased WBC and RBC
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what is the main antifungal agent given for superinfections?
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amphotericin B- tx of severe systemic infections
MONITOR KIDNEYS! |
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infusion of amphotericin B should be admin slowly, what is given prior to infusion?
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aspirin or acetaminophen, benadryl and steroids
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important to remember to moniter these w/ amphotericin B
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monitor for decreased potassium levels and monitor CBC(causes blood dyscrasias)
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this drug is given topically or orally for tx of GI & vaginal yeast infections and for thrush
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nystatin (Mycostatin)
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this antimycotic(antifungal) agent is used topically for c.albicans inf, orally for thrush, and vaginally for yeast inf.
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clotrimazole
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this antimycotic agent is used to tx ringworm infections of skin, hair, and nails
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griseofulvin/ Grisactin-a penicillin derivative
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these drugs are used to destroy helminths (parasitic worms)
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antihelminic agents
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these are drugs used to destroy roundworms
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antinematode agents
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most common antinematode agent
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mebendazole/ Vermox-ensure all family members are treated
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these drugs are used to destroy tapeworms
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anticestode agents
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most commonly used anticestode agent for tapeworms
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niclosamide/ Niclocide-interferes w/tapeworms ability to convert food into energy
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important teachings for niclosamide/Niclocide
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-chew tablets thoroughly then drink water
-importance of completing therapy |
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name for drugs given for fluke infections
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antitrematode agents
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the drug of choice for all fluke infections b/c of its broad spectrum of activity
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Praziquantel-very bitter taste, take after meals
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90% of pts taking Praziquantel for flukes experience what?
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dizziness
headache drowsiness GI problems |
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this is the antimalarial drug of choice to prevent and tx all malaria strains, excpt resistant strains
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Chloroquine-tk w/food to minimize GI distress
monitor kidneys and liver! |
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this is another antiprotozoal agent, is nephrotoxic and causes pain at injection site
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Pentamadine-monitor liver tests
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these provide antibacterial effects that are limited to the urine
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urinary antiseptic agents
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this urinary antiseptic agent is used in chronic urinary tract infections and should not be given if the pt has a foley
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methenamine (Urised)- the urine needs to be in the bladder for 1 hour
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drug given for acute and chronic UTIs-turns urine brown or rust yellow
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nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin)-more effective when taken after food intake
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usually used as a combination drug to tx acute uncomplicated UTIs
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trimethoprim/Proloprim
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these are sometimes classified as urinary antiseptics. are indicated for systemic infections as well as urinary infections.
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Quinolones
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these 3 are commonly prescribed quinolones.
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-ciprofloxin (Cipro)
-ofloxacin (Floxin) -levoquin |
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this quinolone is indicated for lower resp tract, skin, bone, or joint infections, sex tran diseases, and prostatitis
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ofloxacin(Floxin)
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most common adverse rx of ofloxacin/Floxin
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GI tract upset and insomnia- contraindicated in pediatric patients
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these are all high risk patients for developing UTIs
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females
diabetics pregnant elderly males indwelling catheter pts urinary tract surgery |
