Anthropology Test 2

Front 1

Adaptation

Back 1

The process organisms undergo to achieve a beneficial adjustment to a particular environment.

Front 2

Carrying Capacity

Back 2

The number of people that the available resources can support at a given level of food getting techniques

Front 3

Swidden/ Slash & Burn

Back 3

An extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut, the slash is subsequently burned, and crops are then planted among the ashes.

Front 4

Reciprocity

Back 4

Generalized - exchange in which the value of what is given is not calculated, nor is the time of repayment specified.
Balanced Reciprocity - differs in that it is not part of a long-term process. The giving and receiving, as well as the time involved, are more specific. One has a direct obligation to reciprocate promptly in equal value in order for the social relationship to continue.
Negative Reciprocity - the aim is to get something for as little as possible. The parties involved have opposing interests and are not usually closely related; they may be stranger or even enemies.

Front 5

Kula Ring

Back 5

A form of balanced reciprocity that reinforces trade relations among the seafaring Trobriand Islanders and other Melanesians.

Front 6

Redistribution

Back 6

A form of exchange in which goods flow into a central place, where they are sorted, counted, and reallocated. (ie Potlatch (Canada), Big Man (New Guinea).)

Front 7

Potlatch

Back 7

On the northwest coast of North America, a ceremonial event in which a village chief publicly gives away stockpiled food and other goods to display wealth. A form of Redistribution due to the long-term fluctuation of resources.

Front 8

Leveling Mechanism

Back 8

A cultural obligation compelling prosperous members of a community to give away goods, host public feasts, provide free service, or otherwise demonstrate generosity so that no one permanently accumulates significantly more wealth than anyone else. Also any cultural mechanism promoting equality within the society - as in "shaming the meat" of Kalahari Bushmen (Christmas in the Kalahari).

Front 9

Neolithic Revolution

Back 9

The profound cultural change begining about 10,000 years ago and associated with the early domestication of plants and animals and settlement in permanent villages.

Front 10

Marriage

Back 10

A culturally sanctioned union between two or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in laws. Such marriage rights and obligations most often include , but are not limited to, sex, labor, property, child-rearing, exchange, and status

Front 11

Incest Taboo

Back 11

The prohibition of sexual relations between specified individuals, usually parent and child and sibling relations at a minimum.

Front 12

Affinal Kin

Back 12

People related through marriage.

Front 13

Consanguineal Kin

Back 13

Biologically related relatives, commonly referred to as blood relatives.

Front 14

Endogamy

Back 14

Marriage within a particular group or category of individuals

Front 15

Exogamy

Back 15

Marriage outside the group.

Front 16

Monogamy

Back 16

Marriage in which both partners have just one spouse.

Front 17

Serial Monogamy

Back 17

A marriage form in which a man or a woman marries or lives with a series of partners in succession.

Front 18

Polygamy

Back 18

One individual having multiple spouses at the same time, from the Greek words poly (many) and gamos (marriage)

Front 19

Polygyny

Back 19

Marriage of a man to two or more women at the same times, a form of polygamy. Common in pastoral societies. From Greek "gyny" = women. Form of polygamy.

Front 20

Polyandry

Back 20

Marriage of a woman to two or more men at one time, a form of polygamy. Often fraternal. Limits population growth. (Na, Zoe, Tibet)

Front 21

Group Marriage

Back 21

Marriage in which several men and women have sexual access to one another, also called co-marriage. (Inuit)

Front 22

Parallel Cousin

Back 22

Child of a father's brother or a mother's sister.

Front 23

Cross Cousin

Back 23

Child of a mother's brother or a father's sister.

Front 24

Bride Wealth/Price

Back 24

Money or valuable goods paid by the groom or his family to the bride's family upon marriage; also called bride-price. (Dinka)

Front 25

Dowry

Back 25

Payment of a woman's inheritance at the time of her marriage, either to her or to her husband. (West: bride's family pays wedding/hope chest; India: 'kitchen accidents')

Front 26

Bride Service

Back 26

A designated period of time when the groom works for the bride's family.

Front 27

1 Subsistence Strategy
Foraging - Hunting/Gathering

Back 27

Berries, insects, small game, nuts. Still alive today. 25-30 in a group. 3 major patters: 1-Equestrian; from horseback hunting 2-Aquatic; rely heavily on fishing 3-Pedestrian; on foot most common and oldest form. Nomadic. Temp Homes. Carrying compacity. Women do all gathering. Children help. Do not accumulate food. Rely on food sharing.

Front 28

Egalitarian

Back 28

No status differences. Age and sex only differences. Neither women or men defer to each other. Still have the division of tasks, but none defer to other.

Front 29

1 Subsistence Strategy
Pastoralism

Back 29

100-150 in a group. Not as old as foraging. Domesticating large herds of animals. Mostly in Africa - cattle. Use all parts of animal even the dung. Patrilineal. Polygyny popular.
Twoforms: 1- nomadic; following seasonal migration of their herds. Moving to meet needs of herds.Temp homes. (Nuer) 2-Transhumance; move back and forth to the same two locations year round - often high and low pastures. (Iranian tribes, Alps (Switzerland)) Have more permanent structures.

Front 30

1 Subsistence Strategy
Horticulture

Back 30

200-250 in a group. Small scale low intensity. In Gardens. Simple hand tools. Usually have small domesticated animals they use to supplement. Only within the last 1,000 years. stay in place. Just trying to feed their family. Bulk of grown is eaten. Dry land Horticulture; only use a garden for a short period of time. Some reuse garden, some don't. Swidden farming/Slash & Burn farming. Matralineal. Polyganist society. Found in humid tropical conditions with rain year round. Predictable weather. Don't use beasts of burden, pesticides, or machinery.

Front 31

1 Subsistence Strategy
Agriculture

Back 31

Mostly selling. Not subsistence farmers. Continuous use of land. Use of Pesticides, irrigation, etc. Beasts of Burden, Machinery. Can support large number of people. Women are lower and go back to household chores. Most intensive form of subsistence strategies. ratio of food to labor is high. Brought on disease; close contact to animals and stagnant plow holes.

Front 32

V. Gordon Childe

Back 32

Coined term "Neolithic Revolution"

Front 33

Marshall Sahlins

Back 33

Wrote "Stone Age Ecomonics" Determined 3 distinct types of reciprocity.

Front 34

Market Economy

Back 34

We have this. Money used of as means of exchange. Accumulating wealth is the primary goal. Global Scale. Not face to face

Front 35

2 Types of Money

Back 35

1-General purpose money-in market economy portable, arbitrarily valued. Money, checks, debit cards, credit cards. No restrictions. 2-Special purpose money. Non market economy. Limited context of exchange. ie...Tiv pay bride price in cattle

Front 36

Non Market Economy

Back 36

Financial gain is not a primary. Face to face interactions. Social pressure obligates people to share food and items. Leveling mechanism. Barter, Dumb barter, gift giving.

Front 37

Barter

Back 37

Trading goods and services for goods or services. No money exchange. Used with people from other friendly communities.

Front 38

Dumb Barter

Back 38

Silent trade. For centuries been trading. Always trading the same items. Only used with hostile groups.

Front 39

Big Man

Back 39

Only found in New Guinia. Wealthy. Like a political office. Not elected or appointed. Doesn't get paid. Has a lot of authority in village. Trying to coerce villagers to give him pigs and other valuable items. When he collects the things he throws a feast for other big men to form alliances with them. Provides loans to his people. Settles disputes. mediator. No ultimate authority. General reciprocity (for feasts) & redistribution (how he helps own people). Ongka's Big Moka. Kawelka Tribe. New Guinea.

Front 40

Marriage VS. Mating

Back 40

Marriage is cultural and mating is biological

Front 41

Bronislaw Malinowski

Back 41

Why incest taboo exists. Socialization of children would be disrupted.

Front 42

Sororal Polygyny

Back 42

One man married to sisters.

Front 43

Fraternal Polyandry

Back 43

Married to brothers

Front 44

Woman/Woman Marriage

Back 44

30 Diff african groups; Nuer, zulu, ibo, nandi, Masai and more. Polygynous and patrilineal societies. In patrilineal society when divorced wife loses children and cannot own possessions.

Front 45

Arranged Marriage

Back 45

Need to marry someone from same cast (or above). No divorce. "Much too important decision for the young". Economic.

Front 46

Ghost Marriage

Back 46

As common as regular marriage with the Nuer. Woman's husband dies they had no male children. she marries his brother. all children of the brothers recognize the dead man as their father. continuation of family line, and property line.

Front 47

Levirate

Back 47

Widow marries brother of deceased husband. Keeps dead man's children in his family. Maintains existing bond. Thousands of years old

Front 48

Sororate

Back 48

Widower (Man) must marry dead wife's sister. Appears in matrilineal societies

Front 49

Generalized Reciprocity

Back 49

Exchange in which the value of what is given is not calculated, nor is the time of repayment specified.

Front 50

Balanced Reciprocity

Back 50

Differs in that it is not part of a long-term process. The giving and receiving, as well as the time involved, are more specific. One has a direct obligation to reciprocate promptly in equal value in order for the social relationship to continue.

Front 51

Prostate

Back 51

compound tubuloalveolor exocrine gland of the male reproductive system that contributes to secretion of semen

Front 52

Infections targeted by Cidofovir

Back 52

Acyclovir-resistent HSV or VZV (varicella zoster virus)
Also administered to delay progression of CMV retinitis in AIDs patients

Front 53

Zoe

Back 53

Amazon rainforest, Nomadic foragers, main food: manioc, polyandry, pets, pierced at age 9. share food. technologies: glue/resin, salt, manioc/poison, poison fishing.

Front 54

Dinka

Back 54

pastoral (transhumance?) Sudan, bride price (cattle), cattle raids, orange hair, stimulated milking

Front 55

Masai

Back 55

pastoral, East Africa, polygamy, women take care of cattle, no woman ownership - most important thing for woman is children, woman-woman marriage, arranged marriage, new bride cursed out, new bride 'given' 9 cattle to keep for future child, warriors.