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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Globalization?
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The ongoing spread of goods, people, information, and capital around the world.
- Spread of diffusion, transportation, digital technology, economics, and migration - Increased flow of trade, finance, culture, ideas, and people brought about by the sophisticated technology of communications and travel and by the worldwide spread of communications and travel and by the worldwide spread of neoliberal capitalis, and it is the local and regional adaptations to and resistances against these flows. (we probably do not need to know that) |
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What are several characteristics of globalization?
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- Capitalism is an economic exchange and value system
- Large scale movement of people - Shows US as a significant economic and political force - Integrated planet-wide system of domination and subordination for economic gain - Local change and resistances to change - Subordination of place and space to the efficiency of time |
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What is Cultural Anthropology?
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The close-up study of groups of people and their lives and meaning systes.
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What is a close-up study?
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An anthropologist becomes involved as both participant with and observer of members of the group
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What are meaning systems?
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The goals, values, and symbols that make a way of life seem sensible and reasonable.
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What is necessary to find the impact globalization has on people? What are the different types of things this entails?
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Ethnographic field research.
- following the global flows of capital, objects, and people - examining changes in the way people live - Considering the history of Western civilization, especially during the Colonial Period |
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What is Consumer Capitalism? How is it Measured?
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Economic Growth in the foreseeable future. Measured by the Gross Domestic Product and the Gross National Product. Also uses money or currency as a standard of value.
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Who is the Consumer? What is their role in the overall scheme of things?
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A person whose main social role is to purchase (consume) and accumulate goods and services
- As the supply of goods and services expands, so does the consumers choice. Hopefully the consumers capacity to buy also expands (higher wages andcheaper goods). Most consumers are ignorant of the severe negative effects of ones role and larger economic system |
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According to Robbins, Buying, Consuming, and Purchasing is:
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Therapeutic. It makes the person feel like they are participating in a larger social universe – the products and services advertised to improve one’s appearance, health, social status, and confidence.
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What is commodification?
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An objects value is its exchangeability for other objects.
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What are the Four Necessary Changes in Human Behavior and Thinking according to Robbins 2008?
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- Retail stores and advertising as sources of information about cultural meaning: fashions and personal change
- Shifts in the goals of major societal institutions, such as universities, museums, government, and organization of work - Altered cultural values from htrift, modesty, moderation, to spending and social display - Changes in perceptions to time, space, and social class (holy days become holidays and occasions for spending money) (convienence is a reorientation to efficiency of time because the pace of life quickens, Target marketing of Children, and Idealization of marketable lifestyles. |
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What is an example of an ideal world or fantasy created through advertising, to drive consumption?
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Disneyworld, Wizard of Oz, Christmas
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What is Culture?
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A collection of features that characterize any organized social group.
- not unique to one person - no individual's cultural knowledge is complete: interdependence -shared but not necessarily by everyone *tied to distribution of power in society |
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Culture is Integrated and Patterened how?
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The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Relationships among parts are as imporantas the parts themselves. Integration always partial, leads to change, conflict, disagreement and breakdown.
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Culture is adapted to an ecosystem how?
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Sustainable practices of making a living, coherent system of rationales and meanings
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How is culture maladaptive?
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There are costs to some cultural activities and ideas, and built-in contradictions.
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What are some solutions that create change in all societies?
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Modern societies change rapidly compared to preindustrial social groups, There is a large impact of agriculture, factory industrty, and computers, internet
There is contact between different groups (diffusion and Acculturation) |
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What are examples of values that cultures teach about what is right or wrong?
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Sexual Practices in the Bedroom, Appropriate occasions for harming or killing others
Spiritually pure and impure foods or behaviors |
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What is an Ethnography?
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An intensive study of a group of people over a period of months or longer
(studied for 12 or more months), Group can encompass many different things, types of people, etc. |
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What is a Critical Ethnography?
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A type of reflection that examines culture, knowledge and action, sharpening ethical commitments by forcing us to develop and act upon value commitments in the contet of political agendas. The description, analysis, and scrutiny of otherwise hidden agendas, power centers, and assuptions that inhibit, repress, and constrain.
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What is a Scientific Approach?
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Data Collection and Interpretation, Hypothesis testing, Theory validation or falsification, and Comparison.
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What is a Humanistic Study?
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Issues of interpretation and differences in perspective: insider and outsider understandings.
Multiple points of view from natives and insiders (how they are affected by gender, status, racial categories, or obligations, hidden agendas, audience, and cultural setting) |
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What is Participant Observation?
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The ethnographers spend extended time with people being studied. They participate in daily life and special events, the take notes, research records, and initial interpretations. The learn Language to the point of fluency (interprators are not acceptable)
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What are the different methods of interviewing?
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Conversational or Informal
Unstructured (interconnected ideas and knowledge) SemistructuredL life story or biography Structured: language preservation and focus on special knowledge |
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What is Crosscultural Comparison? What is it used for?
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Determines similarities and differences and patterns across groups
Used to look for cultural universals, features that occur in all human groups ie. incest taboos, semantic primes, and family LARGELY SCIENTIFIC coding of observed cultural features and statistical analysis. |
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What is an Ethnohistory?
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Reconstruction of a past lifeway from archival records, oral hisotries
(evaluation of cultural change processes, or effects of colonization on marriage, family, descent, kin ties) (Gender roles, fur trade in N America - only men allowed to trade)(Degree of assimilation or exclusion from dominant colonial and post colonial society) |
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What are Literature Reviews Used for? What is an Area Focus?
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LR - establishes a basic foundation ofknowledge for research
AF- published research on the general region and its cultural expressions (specific works on the group to be studied)(published histories on the group and the region) |
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What is a Theoretical focus?
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Intense exploration of theoritical or explanatory phenomena
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What are Quantitative Methods of Study? What does their use depend on?
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SUse depends on study goals, often minimal or absent
- Surveys and Questionnaires, may not be sucessful in groups with no prior experience - Experiments: artificial environments have little place in sociocultural anthro |
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What is a Naturalistic Study?
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Emphasis on Human activity as it occurs in everyday life
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What are several textbook examples of Ethnographical Research?
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S. Fjellman's study of Disney World (social group of tourists and visitors)
M Taussigs work in Colombia on the use of Devil imagery to represent capitalizm A Ongs study of labor and workers possession by spirits in electronics factories Kellys writing on women in maquiliadoras |
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What occurred to Kathleen Barlow that changed her status within her "tribe"?
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They classified her as a woman after 4 weeks and began to deny her access to the Mens hut that they originally allowed her into
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Why wasn't Dr. Searles able to get into the inpatient wards of most hospitals to study the patients there?
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Most were women, and most thought that anthropologists were nosy and troublesome so they would not allow hi in
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What is Context?
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A larger unchanging background in which things happen and people live (ie. people harvest crops or a religious ceremony)
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What is Situatedness?
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The contingency of events is based on immediate causes and situations. The unrepeatability of events: a wedding performed by the same priest with the same liturgy in the same church is not the same wedding as any other wedding done by hi in the same way
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What does Synchronic Mean?
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At one moment in time: a slice in time - The Ethnographic Present
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What is the Ethnographic present? Is this a good approach in accounting for changes?
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A fictional device in writing (a cultural group presented as if everything in the ethnographic account happened all at once or over a very short period of time) NOT GOOD FOR ACCOUNTING FOR CHANGES
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What is Diachronic?
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Over a period of time - records the changes in activities by seasons, and related meanings that inform different activities
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What is historical? What devices are used to make this history work?
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Expands the time depth, use of life history interviewing to evaluate change over one lifetime, use of archival records to extend beyond one lifetime or supplement the results of life histories
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What is Prehistoric? What devices are used to make this sampling work?
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Prehistoric uses the archaeological reports to evaluate longterm changes.
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What is ethnographic Realism?
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Anthropological writing is taken as just the facts, when in actuality -
- no study can investigate every single action, symbol, or element of social organization - An ethnography is only a part of a greater whole that cannot ever be captured - An ethnographer's positioning becomes all the more crucial to understanding what got included, what got left out, and how the group was represented |
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What is Studying Up?
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Examining structures of power, including those that determine the ethnographers cultural identity and social possibilities
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What is Multi-sited ethnography?
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Research at more than one location and accounts for various flows: capital, culture, and people
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What is Technology in Field Research?
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Ethnographies of cell phone use, E-mail, chat, fax for immediate connectivity from field to homes, and hand held digital video and audio recording
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What is Modernity?
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A social view in which the world is open to human intervention as justified by Christianity, Science, and colonization
The Rise of capitalist and socialist economic ideologies Industrial production, notable: --Fordism, the economic effciencies of assebly-line production and changes in the organization of labor and management Industrial production of new military technologies: repeating rifles, Gatling guns, and nuclear submarines |
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Modernity has an emphasis on...
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Science and Rational Thought, transition from slow evolutionary change to rapid, human-controlled improvements. Role of high technology and technological innovation.
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What is Urbanization?
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Rural to Urban migration! This leads to Urban planning, sewage systes, distribution of servicesand wealth by status, central business districts, symbolic spaces
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The Nation-State as the primary political institution immmmplies that:
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Tribal and ethnic identities are suppressed in favor of national citizenship, patriotic loyalties, a common language, and a dominant ethnic/cultural value system (USA, Flag and eagle are symbols, the offical English movement)
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What are Nationalisms?
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Nations have unique cultures, so they set about to build up these nationalisms, using a single language, orientation to an urbanized political hierarchy, and stifled class-based interests.
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What is Secularism?
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limits on the place of religion and religious institutions in political life (the constitutional separation of the church and state)
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How did Modernity lead to the assertion of a common humanity and universal rights? What groups spawned out of this?
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The Emergence of the League of Nations, The US, human rights Nongovernmental Organizations
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How was Modernity used as a period of dependence for colonized people and regions? What are some examples?
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The White Mans burden, colonial goals of extending Western civilization to the colonies, providing natural resources for European industry, providing cheap labor for industrial nations, Learning through literacy, schools and Euro-styled formats.
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What are World Systems Theories?
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Colonial system gave rise to a globally stratified system of dominance and subordination (nations economic ranks are similar to that of social class or caste system)
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What are the Three major categories of World System Theories?
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Core, Semiperipheral, and Peripheral Nations.
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What are Core Nations? Give examples of countries as well as their economic importance!
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Mostly former colonizing powers in Europe: Spain, France, Germany, and some nations with significant European settlement: Australia, Canada, US, or Massive 20th century assistance: Japan.
Economic dominance of world drate and cultural dominance through media and technology. Service-based economies, some remnant manufacturing, imports and internal sources of raw materials and labor |
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What are Semiperipheral nations?
Why aren't there more semi-perepheral nations in Africa or Asia? |
Former colonies, mostly in temperate climates. Substantial European settlement and or Euro-influences political and economic systems: Brazil, South Africa, Argentina, Isreal, Turkey, Iran unti 79 and Iraq until 2003 and Jrodan
These areas have more Thrid-World development since WW2 from Cold War alliances, they have manufacturing and raw resources production and some services, and growing populations and urbanizations. |
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What are Peripheral Nations?
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Former colonies that are in tropical Areas
Their main role in colonial empires were as sources of natural resources and native labor. They had rapid population growth and rural-urban migration They had poor infrastructure development in transportation, medicine, food distribution. They had continued exploitation during the Cold War and today as free nations dependent on core nations' economies, ideologies, and political decisions. |
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What is flexible accumulation?
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Fordist - Assembly line is not limited by space so Assembly can be multi-sited. Manufacturing and some services go to cheapest labor sources regardless of where consumers nad raw materials are located.
Changes in the culture experience of space and time. |
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What is Deteritorialization?
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Local meanings and a sense of rootedness in place are reduced or overwhelmed. Culture does not equal place? Where is Haiti - in the 10th department?
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What is the Articulation Theory?
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Dualistic divisions between developed and underdeveloped or core or periphery are no longer accurate. International trade has brought about the values and goods of the core into the periphery but...Migration and trade have brought the periphery into the core.
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What is Production?
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Acquiring natural resources and processing them into usable forms
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What is distribution?
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Social networks by which individuals and social groups provide and gain access to goods and services
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What is consumption?
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Use of goods and services by end users
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What are the Five Modes of Production? Describe each one briefly:
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Foraging: hunting and gathering
Hofticulture: sall-scale farming for one's family, kin, and village Pastoralism: reliance on herd animals for food, so that social life centers on herding Intensive Agriculture: large-scale farming so that farmers produce crops for distribution and exchange Industrialism: use of fossil fuels, rural to urban population shift, occupational specialization, and factory based production based on wage labor |
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Give an Example of how One woman by bringing her family food is using the model of Production, Distribution, and Consumption.
How is this passed on to future generations? This is an example of how what is integrated across the three steps? |
P: The women gather diverse plant foods from desert ecosystems
D: Each woman's haul is carried back to her family and shared C: Members of her household eat the plants. When infants and young children follow their mothers while foraging The division of labor |
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In industrialist societies, how is the division of labor specialized?
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No single person in involved in the entire production/distribution/consuption process
Labor: is hired to perform occupational roles in production and distribution Labroers: tend to perform only isolated tasks in an assembly-line style system |
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What is the Drawback to a specialized division of labor (in an industrial society)?
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Workers don't have control over the results of their work, they are not likely to consume those results
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What is Alienation?
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Workers belong to a proletariat that is unable to deterine its own destiny; because of the social class system, and because of the highly specialized and fragmented system of production/distribution/consumption
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What is Capitalism?
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The distinction between laborers and those who control sources of income.
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What is Economic Anthropology?
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Capitalism is a market-based economic system, the meduim of exchange that standardizes value and symbolizes wealth and social status
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What is Capital?
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Resources and technology used to generate a net gain or profit. Assues unliited growth into the future by controllers/owners. stockholders., investors, workers who rely on employment, governments that need tax income, etc.
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What are the 5 elements of Capitalism? Describe Each (production, money, labor, means of production, commodities)
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Commodities: capital goods like land, minerals and ores, tools, machines, and factories
Money: Standardized means of assigning value for exchange Labor: huan effort in converting capital goods into commodity goods Means of Production: capital goods Production: Labor and the means in making the commodities |
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What is Profit, and describe the two different types of Profit>
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A gain or increase in the money value of assets.
Coporate Profits: after tazes are distributions to shareholders Shareholder Profits: as stock dividends and increased stock values Capacity to increase capital holdings |
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What is an example of a "break even" model?
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Campensinos in Mexico, only making enough in order to survive - They have cultural views of finite good, moral and physical good, land, love, friendship, and health
One individuals benefit comes at another individuals expense. |
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How do people in the town of Tzintzeno see capitalism differently than those in other models?
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They see cooperation in the distribution and sharing of finite goods.
They also see selfish individualism at another persons expense. |
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What keeps these people in Tzintzunzeno from individually consuming the limited goods?
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Enculturation: the struggle to make a living. Hiding of any outward display of improveent in one's situation. Maintenance of one's proper social position, without losing place. Envy of others, whether real or possible and the fear of others envy, which can lead to witchcraft.
There is a ceremonial consumption of surpluses through fireworks, food, and other costs. |
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What is Modern consumerism?
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Very different cultural assumptions, individualized or corporate competition over limited goods. This leads to scarcity and hierarchical differences.
Enhancing one's own status is part of the point |
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How is Modern Consumerism different from the consumption in Mexico?
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Enhancing ones own status is part of the point - you want to display your wealth, there is conspicuous consuption.
If envy does exist, it does not have the power to control peoples behavior. There is more of a tendency to hoard ones wealth, only partly balanced by pressures to give to charity or stay out of a higher tax bracket. |
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What are Business Ethics? Why is this an oxymoron?
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Individualist profit-making can and does obsrruct moral values, family stability, and greater social good, etc. Elevation of exorbitant resource use to a social good, reversal of religious and other ethical teachings on the nature of greed.
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What is the Fetish of the commodity? What are two examples of cultures that look down upon it?
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The power of nonhuman objects to hold our imaginations, in this case the power of money to make us crazy and obsessed.
Christians think that love of money is the root of all evil Native Americans think that gold makes White men Crazy |
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Define the words workers, laborers, labor, and human capital and reveal the reason that all of these are changing the way humans are seen.
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Workers and Laborers are human beings that provide labor
Labor is a social category that REMOVES human from the definition and relates more to hours worked, productivity levels, and money costs. Human capital is no longer labor but a new form of resource that is invested strategically. |
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What Characterizes Neo-liberal economics?
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Market deregulation and free trade
Rational choice Theory Emancipation of consumer desires Societal organization by "lifestyles" |
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In order to make Neoliberal economics work, what had to be done?
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We had to get rid of:
Antitrust laws, collective bargaining, like the 8 hour workdays, overtime pay, etc. Tariffs, duties, and embargoes and Comodity specific laws |
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What is a Nonconservative?
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Steady economic growth seen through tax cuts
Expanded governent powers like military and internal enforcement Moral conservationism on abortion, gay marriage, and other issues US expansionist polict, viewing the US as the ONLY superpower and National self interest as the only reason for international intervention |
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What is Rational Choice Theory?
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Individuals by nature seek to mazimize their gain, especially when their wealth and resources are scarce
Do this by competition over resources, wealth and status. Selfishness and economic greed Utilitarianism - maximization of the greatest good with the least suffering. |
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Public Education should enhance self interest, what practices can dampen the rational choice theory?
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Cultural values and practices can dampen self interest, legal redistribution of wealth teaches cooperation, not competition and steals wealth from those who deserve it.
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What is Consumerism? How do Advertising and Marketing help promote this lack of deficiency?
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Wants and not needs drive economic growth. Keepting up with the Jonses.
A+M appeal to insecurities , have drugs that cover up aging, the on star system because we can't navigate using a damn compass anymore. |
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What are two examples of neoliberal markets that are unhindered by moral issues?
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Sex Trafficking - (illegal sex trades to Southeast Asia)
Illicit Drug Trade - (Workers poorly paid and mistreated, don't concern themselves about longterm effects to addicts) |
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Who is Melanesian Big Man?
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Economic leader with charisma, persuasive abilities, and ambition. Organized feast occasions at which sponsors donated food, (like pigs) then gave the away to other big men and their villages. Redistributed wealth in the form of pigs prevented impoverishment.
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How did Merchants rise from being scum of the earth to being top dogs?
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MBA is the premier graduate degree.
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What has neoliberalism done to social relationships and to the family?
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Neoliberalism has made people more interested in each other based on their tastes, if they conform to each other. There is a reduced strength of family ties, children are consumers and the changing relationship of parents to children.
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