Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Anthropology
|
The systematic study of human diversity across time and place (the study of human beings)
|
|
|
Three disciplines of anthropology
|
Holism - the study of the whole human condition - past, present, future - each society is a whole system - no single aspect of a community can be understood without looking at the community as a whole
Comparative - To generalize we ned to collect evidence from the widest range of human societies-makes anthropology cross-cultural Culture |
|
|
Four Sub-Fields of Anthropology
|
Cultural - study of human society and cultural similarities and differences, shows how the variations of beliefs and behaviors are shaped by sets of learned behaviors and learned ideas which they acquire as members of society
Physical (biology) - oldest, humans as living organisms in comparison to other animals Linguistic (language) - language in social context, powerful, symbolic system Archeology - Cultural anthropology of human past, human remains, reconstructs culture |
|
|
Society
|
Organized life in groups, typical of humans and other animals
|
|
|
Culture
|
Why social groups are different than one another, why people act in certain ways, transmitted through learning, only human, not reinvented by each generation - not in our genes, shared (ideals, customs, and ideas)
|
|
|
Enculturation
|
The process of learning culture, what unifies people
-Individual situation learning - learning from experience -Social situational learning - learn from the group (watch and learn) -Cultural learning - uniquely human, depends on human use of symbols, accumulation of knowledge transmitted through symbols |
|
|
Symbols
|
Signs that have no natural connection with the things they represent; arbitrary
|
|
|
Ethnocentrism
|
The tendency to view one's own culture superior and to use beliefs and ideas from your culture to judge other's cultures - prevents us from understanding other cultures
|
|
|
Cultural Relativism
|
Cultural ideas and practices must be understood within the bounds of one's own culture
-Different but not better or worse -Does not include moral relativism -At odds with universal/ unalienable rights |
|
|
Methods that anthropologists use
|
Collect data through extended stays of close involvement with the people whose language/ way of life they are interested (field work)
Get involved in daily life, conducted in local language Informants - people who give information about the culture (respondants) Participant observation - participating in local customs/ life - develops an in-depth understanding Need to keep critical distance |
|
|
Ethnography
|
First hand personal published accounts of what's learned during field work
|
|
|
Ethnology
|
Comparative study of two or more cultures using ethnographies
|
|
|
American Anthropological Association on Race
|
Races are imagined communities
Race is culturally constructed Race became a "science" in the 15th century - Spanish/English began to classify people biologically Mid 19th century, global racial order had been created to justify and rationalize racial subjugation and slavery. Races were social groups that supposedly reflected unambiguous biological differences (phenotypic) |
|
|
The Great Chain of Being
|
A hierarchical order of the universe, from God at the top to the lowest forms of life at the bottom (an ancient belief that it is a nature of order)
Race linked to this Great Chain White, northern Europeans on top, Africans on bottom Transformed into racism - assigned meaning to the way people look (systematic oppression of a race which people of institutes justify by believing that some so called races are superior to others due to genetically inherited features) |
|
|
Hypodescent
|
Race in the United States - race determined by which part of you is less privileged (one drop rule)
Race, but not class, is fixed at birth and does not change |
|
|
Burakumin
|
India's untouchables - phenotypically indistinguishable from other Japanese, defined as "not us" (in Japan's us vs. not us belief) because of biological background - considered racial minority
Live in Bura Ku to prevent mixing Certain jobs saved for them Inter-racial marriage tabboos Less likely to attend highschool/ college |
|
|
Intrinsic Racism
|
The belief that a perceived racial difference is a sufficient reason to value one person less than another
|
|
|
Japan
|
Japan does not grant citizenship to everyone born there (one parent must have been born there and you have to have lived there for three years)
Anyone who is granted citizenship is encouraged to take a Japanese name to cut off from ethnic background |
|
|
Brazil
|
Over 500 different racial names indicated
Racial identity less specified, phenotypic qualities important - can have different races in the same family More of an achieved status (vs ascribed status) One's label can change from place to place and time to time Darker skinned poorer than lighter Money "whitens" "Racial Democracy" - race unconstitutional, vision of racial harmony, equal opportunity - MYTH |
|
|
Colorism
|
A system of skin colors between white and black
No fixed racial boundaries exist Negotiate color identity anew in every social situation entered Result: Color changes from situation to situation Example: Brazil |
|
|
Cuba
|
"Racial democracy"
Afro-cubans still systematically discriminated against (denied jobs in the tourism industry even though darkness is stereotyped to tourists as fun and musical) |
|
|
Ethnicity vs. Race
|
Both culturally constructed, socially real
Race assumed as biological Ethnicity more cultural, when assumes it has biological base, then known as rac |
|
|
Memory
|
Created in interstices (small intervening gap) that exists between the individual and society
Memory is the power to remember things A form of preservation (maintained in an unchanged condition, keeping something on the brink of disappearing) |
|
|
Day of the Dead, Mexico
|
Remembering and honoring the dead through festivities and celebrations, linear progression of time stops completely as opposition between life and death falls apart
Social structure and hierarchies break down - anything allowed Also a revolt, order inverts, weak are powerful, powerful are weak |
|
|
Antiques Roadshow
|
A site of memory in which a private memory becomes a public memory and memories of the past are discussed
|
|
|
Sites of Memory
|
Objects, places, practices, concepts
Public and collective, artificially created to force societies to collectively recall ideas and understanding of the past - wills people to remember Can also be sites of forgetting by placing there what we want people to remember, leaves things out. Also proves how horrible life was, we want to forget these atrocities. |
|
|
Saramaka
|
Tropical group in Suriname in South America, Saramaka today believe that they live in history, everything that happens is a result of their ancestors deeds
One type of time is recent past (100-110 years), time of relatively recent dead who played a part in lives of those who are still living First time (era of old time people), 1680-1850 about, sacred, knowledge is restricted and highly guarded, think that it is deadly, orally transmitted between men, never taught to youths, potency can be released when needed (redemption and revenge) Example: Clans are feuding Form of security and protection, assures that these people will never be slaves again |
|
|
Museum
|
Holds things that a public shares
Creates common memory (and teaches it) Directs attention toward certain memory/feelings (w/ stories, etc.) Types: Art, history, science, living, children's, commemorative, heritage Can produce an identity as well as divisions |
|
|
Hyperreal (memetic real)
|
The extent to which we can get the full picture - staged - a real fake - you no longer need the historical - you feel the fake is real
Have to accept the preponderance of the present |
|
|
Subsistent Strategies
|
How societies transform the material resources of the natural environment into food
Foraging Pastoralism Horitculture Agriculture Industrialism |
|
|
Foraging
|
Mobile, favors small groups called bonds (often less than 50 people related through kinship or marriage). People often shift bonds in seasonal mobility
Exogamous - people marry outside their bonds Incredibly varied diet Gatherers first, hunters second (gathering more reliable) Division of work organized by age and gender (although all help) Egalitarian - food sharing and cooperation Inuits - rely on hunting, meat for food, skin for clothing |
|
|
Pastoralism
|
Herders
Care of domesticated herd animals (give milk and meat) Involves complex interaction among land, animals, and people (animals rely on people) Transhumant pastoralism - division by age and gender, animals moved from pasture to pasture by men, woman/kids stay at home and grow crops Massai - move according to seasonal variation, drink blood/milk and trade for honey, grains, fruit Nomadic-Goes on throughout the year and it is the entire community on the move in search of pasture Basseri - 300mi trek, live in portable tents, from Southern Iran Mixed subsistent strategies - many cultivate crops and trade Rely on exchanges with sedimentary neighbors Herd growth is key - most always balance present with future Disease, theft, weather, social issues can destroy a community |
|
|
Horticulture
|
Farming, simple non-mechanized methods to produce plants, do not use animals, use tools, do not use irrigation techniques or plows, not permanently cultivated
Allow to lie uncultivated for extended periods of time (slash and burn - shifting cultivation, constantly in rotation) Small communities, tropical forests Lua - mountain dwellers in northern Ireland, let land lie for 9 years before they cultivate again, every january male elders go out to insure land is bare (re-cut and re-burn new growths) Only grow enough food to support themselves (no surplus) |
|
|
Agriculture
|
Intensive cultivation, use land and labor continuously and intensively (in opposition to horticulture)
Remains cultivated, no fallow period Supports larger societies, requires more capital Highly vulnerable to the environment Non-migratory, people live in larger communities Incorporated in larger more complex societies - food produced to feed everyone Raise in agriculture (because highly specialized) linked to development of sedentary village life, rise in cities, social stratification, and other complex forms of social organization |
|
|
Industrialism
|
18th century, rely on machine and chemical processes, large, mobile workforce, factory work, complex systems of exchange, consumption must be constantly expanded, material standards must always go up, promotes rapid resource consumption, beyond national boundaries - promotes globalization
Highly specialized labor force versus those who control Punishes weakness, failure, and bad luck usually by firing people |
|
|
Bohannan
|
Shakespeare in the Bush
Woman reflects on trying to tell the story of Hamlet to people in an African tribe. They interpret it completely differently and can't understand the story the way she is telling it. Societies differ in their interpretations and in what they believe is right. Culture has a huge impact on who we are and what we believe. |
|
|
Geertz
|
Deep Play
Observations of the Cock Fight in a Balinese village. Description of culture and what they do for fun and interpret as higher/lower class. As important in what and how field work is done and accomplished (not to close, but not to far) |
|
|
Miner
|
"Body Ritual among Nacirema"
Talks about the odd habits of the Nacirema, a group in Northern New York. Is a play on Americans and what we consider normal. |
|
|
Biolosi
|
Race Making in the Mississippi of the North
Discusses Native American racism versus that against the blacks. Goes in depth on plessy versus ferguson and the one drop rule. How if Native Americans have one drop of American blood they are considered American because people wanted to end Native American society |
|
|
Diamond
|
Race Without Color
Names different ways we could name race and how race is actually an impossible thing because we could group everyone in millions of different groups, with people we would never naturally think of them being grouped with. |
|
|
Harrison
|
Unraveling Race
The only race is the human race! How racism is found throughout the world, not just whites. How racism is used to justify actions "Racism without race" |
|
|
NY Times
|
Beyond Black and White in Biology and Medicine
More genetic differences in a race than between them Races do not exist and medicines don't effect races differently |
|
|
Williams
|
What's Debt Got To Do With It?
A story of how a black man tried to open a flower shop but banks won't make loans to blacks and how hard it is for blacks to get house mortgages, etc. |
|
|
Sacks
|
How Did Jews Become White Folks?
About racism in America and how the government promoted/ tried to stop it? |
|
|
Badillo
|
Only My Hairdresser knows for Sure
About straightening hair in the Dominican Republic. Straight hair whitens, you are spat upon if you wear your natural hair (curly) |
|
|
McIntosh
|
White Privilege
Discusses the privileges whites have that we don't even know about and how severely african americans are still discriminated against |
|
|
Dent, Jonathon
Digging for Slaves (movie) |
African Americans shaped the way we are today (with cultures and traditions that they brought over from Africa)
Archeology discovers new artifacts that change the way we view history (Example: Slaves hunted their own food) House O - leaning chimney to prevent house from catching on fire when wood chimney does |
|
|
Judith, Vecchione
In Mirrors of the Heart: Race and Identity (movie) |
Movie on the Dominican republic and how hispanics are looked at as white and respected and all desire to be like them. Haitians are the real blacks and are shunned. Also continues to talk about how curly hair is bad, straight hair is good. Everyone denies being black (except Haitians who are proud of who they are and embrace African culture)
|
|
|
Morales
|
Latinos and the 'other race' option
About the census and how latinos identify with "other" |
|
|
Steiner
|
Art/anthropology/museums
How different people want and will except different things at museums and the question of what is acceptable and what is not to put on display |
|
|
Riggs, Marlon
Black Is...Black Ain't (movie) |
Black is not a single identity
|
