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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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domestication
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the process of converting wild animals or wild plants into forms that humans can care for and cultivate
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when did agriculture begin?
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10,000ya
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Neolithic
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the late Pleistocene/early Holocene culture, during which humans domesticated plants and animals
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what is the result of artificial selection on plants
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they cannot reproduce by themselves
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what kind of relationship do humans and animals have?
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symbiotic
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what happened to population as agriculture became more prevalent?
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increased exponentially
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did domestication occur regionally or multi regionally?
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multi-regionally
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what was the first domesticated animal?
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dogs
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superfoods
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cereal grains, such as rice, corn, and wheat, that make up a substantial portion of the human population's diet today
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what are the negative consequences of society's rise?
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warfare, disease, malnutrition, excess nutrition, etc...
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Neolithic Demographic Transition
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the shift from low birthrate to high birthrate
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how did the human skull change due to agriculture?
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tooth size reduction, long narrow skulls went to short wide skulls.
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masticatory-functional hypothesis
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the hypothesis that craniofacial shape change during the Holocene was related to the consumption of softer foods
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what did pottery allow?
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storage and long term cooking of foods
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malocclusion
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improper fit of the upper and lower teeth
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what are malocclusions caused by?
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the skull size and shape that was caused by dietary changes
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How do bones show the workload of a human?
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the larger bones belong to hunter-gatherers and the smaller bones belong to agriculturalists.
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what is stronger in bones, material placed close to the axis or further away?
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further away
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what trend is there in bone size since agriculture?
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reduction in size
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osteoarthritis
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degenerative changes of the joints caused by a variety of factors, especially physical activity and mechanical stress
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what was physical stress replaced by?
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technology
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what did agriculture cause humans to do?
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aggregate and become sedentary
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what environment is perfect for pathogens?
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crowding and unsanitary conditions
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periosteal reaction
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inflammatory response of a bone's outer covering due to bacterial infection or to trauma
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treponematoses
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a group of related diseases caused by he bacteria Treponema which causes pathological changes most often to the cranium and tibiae.
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dental caries
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a disease process that creates demineralization areas in dental tissues, leading to cavities; demineralization is caused by acids produced by bacteria that metabolize carbohydrates in dental plaque
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Does rice or corn cause more dental caries?
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corn
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ameloblasts
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cells that make tooth enamel
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what happens when the production of an ameloblast is interrupted?
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lines or pits on the tooth are found (stress event)
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Do stress events become more or less common with agriculture
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more
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iron deficiency anemia
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a condition in which the blood has insufficient iron; may be caused by diet, poor iron absorption, parasitic infection, and severe blood loss.
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heme iron
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iron-found in red meat, fish, and poultry that the body absorbs efficiently
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what kind of processing does heme iron not require?
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mechanical
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nonheme iron
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iron found in lentils and beans, that is less efficiently absorbed by the body than is the heme iron.
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what happens in response to anemia
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red blood cells increase in production
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porotic hyperostosis
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expansion and porosity of cranial bones due to anemia caused by an iron-deficient diet, parasitic infection, or genetic disease.
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cribra orbitalia
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porosity in the eye orbits due to anemia caused by an iron-deficient diet, parasitic infection, or genetic disease.
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If it's so bad why continue to farm?
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higher fertility and birth rates, but lower quality of life.
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global warming
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warming of Earth's temperatures, today largely due to the effect of burning of fossil fuels and resulting production of greenhouse gases.
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what are the two largest contributors to global warming?
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methane and carbon dioxide
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what will happen with increased global warming?
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desertification, population displacement, all hell breaks loose
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anthropogenic
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refers to any effect caused by humans
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What does the study of living humans emphasize?
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the enormous developmental flexibility that characterizes Homo sapiens
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When did races begin?
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the renaissance when people began to travel further in one day.
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Blumenbach
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studied skulls and came up with 5 races based on the morphology of those skulls.
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Franz Boas
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human biology is not static but changes
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where does most variation occur?
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across human populations
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cline
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a gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to the next
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life history
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the timing and details of growth events and development events from conception through senescence and death.
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What are the 3 stages to the human growth cycle?
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prenatal, postnatal, adult
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prenatal stage
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the first stage of life, beginning the zygote in utero, terminating with birth, and involving multiple mitotic events and the differentiation of the body into appropriate segments and regions
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postnatal stage
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the second stage of life, beginning with birth, terminating with the shift to the adult stage, and involving substantial increases in height, weight, and brain growth and development.
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neonatal
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first month of life
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infancy
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2nd month to end of lactation 3yrs
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childhood
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3yr to 7yr
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juvenile
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7yr to 10yr
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puberty
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days or weeks after juvenile
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adolescence
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after puberty the next 5 to 10 years
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lactation
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the production and secretion of milk from a female mammal's mammory gland, providing a food source for the female's young
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adult stage
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the third stage of life, involving the reproductive years and senescence
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senescence
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the period after the childbearing years
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what trimester is an embryo the most susceptible?
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1st
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stressors
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any factor that can cause stress in an organism, potentially affecting the body's proper functioning and its homeostasis
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what happens in the 2nd trimester?
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size growth
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what happens in the third trimester?
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weight gain and organ development
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intrauterine
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refers to the area within the uterus
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growth velocity
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the speed with which an organism grows in size, often measured as the amount of growth per year.
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when is the most rapid growth?
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infancy
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deciduous dentition
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also known as baby teeth or milk teeth, this is the first set of teeth, which form in utero and erupt shortly after birth.
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weaning
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the process of substituting other foods for the milk produced by the mother.
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motor skills
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refers to the performance of complex movements and actions that require the control of nerves and muscles.
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cognitive abilities
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refers to the performance of complex movements and actions that require the control of nerves and muscles.
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menarche
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refers to the onset of menstruation in an adolescent female
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sexual dimorphism
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a difference in a physical attribute between the males and females of a species
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epiphyses
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the end portions of long bones; once they fuse tot he diaphyses, the bones stop growing longer
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disphyses
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the main midsection, or shaft, portions of long bones; each contains a medullary cavity
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what are the hallmarks of adulthood?
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sexual maturity, full height, and fusion of epiphyses.
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What influences bone growth and epiphyseal fusion?
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androgens and estrogens
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secular trend
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a phenotypic change due to multiple factors. Such trends can be positive or negative. i.e. height increase
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is the growth or males or females more likely to be offset by environmental factors?
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males
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how often is every cell replaced?
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7 years
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aging
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the process of maturation
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senescence
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refers to an organism's biological changes later in adulthood.
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homeostasis
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the maintenance of the internal environment of an organism within an acceptable range.
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menopause
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the cessation of the menstrual cycle, signifying the end of a female's ability to bear children.
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what happens to homeostasis in senescence?
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it reduces
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osteoporosis
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the loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured.
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What are the 4 responses to adapting?
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genetic, developmental, acclimatization, cultural
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functional adaptations
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biological changes that occur during an individual's lifetime, increasing the individual's fitness in the given environment.
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homeothermic
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refers to an organism's ability to maintain a constant body temperature despite great variations in environmental temperature.
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vasodilation
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the increase in blood vessels' diameter due to the action of a nerve or of a drug; it can also occur in response to hot temperatures
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what is a visible sign of vasodilation?
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red cheeks
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What did sweating evolve with?
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loss of hair
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bergmann's rule
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the principle that an animal's size is heat-related; smaller bodies are adapted to hot environments and larger in cold environments
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allen's rule
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the principle that an animal's limb lengths are heat-related; limbs are longer in hot environments and shorter in cold environments.
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hypothermia
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a condition in which an organism's body temperature falls below the normal range, which may lead to the loss of proper body functions and, eventually death.
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vasoconstriction
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the decrease in blood vessels' diameter due to the action of a nerve or of a drug; it can also occur in response to cold temperatures.
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basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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the rate at which an organism's body, while at rest, expends energy to maintain basic bodily functions; measured by the amount of heat given off per kilogram of body weight.
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what is the best predictor of skin color?
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uv radiation exposure
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skin reflectance
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refers to the amount of light reflected from the skin that can be measured and used to assess skin color
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dark skin
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low reflectance and high uv exposure
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light skin
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high reflectance and low uv exposure
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melanocytes
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melanin-producing cells located on the skin's epidermis
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malanin
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a brown pigment that determines the darkness or lightness of a human's skin color due to its concentration in the skin
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what happens when you get sunburn?
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your skin thickens and tans
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sun protection factor (spf)
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the rating calculated by comparing the length of time needed for protected skin to burn to the length of time needed for unprotected skin to burn.
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why does the body need sun?
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to synthesize vit d
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what does vitamin d do?
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regulates calcium absorption and mineralization of the skeleton if not processed correctly rickets is caused.
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what can block the synthesis of vitamin d?
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melanin in the skin
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what does melanin protect?
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the stored floats that synthesize and repair DNA
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hypoxia
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less than usual sea-level amount of oxygen in the air or in the body.
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what happens with hypoxia?
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extra red blood cells, and oxygen saturated hemoglobin are produced, arteries and veins expand.
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basal metabolic requirement.
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the minimum amount of energy needed to keep an organism alive.
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total fail energy expenditure (tdee)
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the number of calories used by an organism's body during a 24-hour period.
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macronutrients
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essential chemical nutrients, including fat, carbohydrates, and protein, that a body needs to live and to function normally.
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micronutrients
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essential substances, such as minerals or vitamins, needed in very small amounts to maintain normal body functioning.
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hypercholesterolemia
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the presence of high l levels of cholesterol in an organism's blood; this condition may result from the dietary consumption of foods that promote high cholesterol or through the inheritance of a genetic disorder.
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type 2 diabetes
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a disease in which the body does not produce sufficient amounts of insulin or the cells do not use available insulin, causing a buildup of glucose in the cells.
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rigidity
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a bone's strength is a functional adaptation to bending and torsion in everyday use to prevent fractures
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osteoblasts
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bone-forming cells which produce bone mass to maintain rigidity.
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bone mass
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produced by osteoblasts, the bone material
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osteoclasts
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cells, when there is an absence of physical activity remove bone mass.
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Wolff's law
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bone mass is produced where it is needed and taken away where it is not; also the cause of bone remodeling.
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what happens to density with less activity
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does down
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what happens when a female overexcercises?
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lowered reproductive abilities
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