Anthropology Midterm 2

Front 1

Environment of Evolutionary adaptedness EEA, 2 million yrs – 10,000 yrs ago, is when most of our behavior evolved

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Pleistocene Period

Front 2

The design of the human mind was created and shaped by natural selection and sexual selection.

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Design of the Human mind

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Scavenging and hunters and gatherers, nomadic/semi-nomadic lifestyle, low density of people, high infant mortality and low life expectancy

Back 3

Life in the EEA Times

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holds 900+ genes

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X-Chromosome

Front 5

holds 80 genes and contains the SRY gene that acts as testes-determining factor (thus controlling hormones

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Y-Chromosome

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produce androgens, such as testosterone

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Fetal testes

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turns some genes rather than others and this differential gene activation contributes to sex differences in development (of the brain, body behavior)

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Testosterone

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If this is not inherited, the embryo continues to develop as before, as female, or the “default sex”

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If no SRY gene inherited

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This helps men and women to be found much more attractive, because it can effect reproductive fertility and fitness. It indicates good genes which is why we use it to choose our mates.

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Symmetry

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Subjects sit in a room for 3 minutes and later recall items in the room. Women scored 60-70% better, but men are better at reading maps
o Left Hemisphere- dominance for language, if the LH is damaged it is likely that language damage will follow

Back 10

Items Recall Tests

Front 11

are selected to be promiscuous. tend to use cardinal direction (north, south); hunters and inter-group violence/warfare; men value highest women’s physical appearance which helps depict their fertility;

Back 11

Males

Front 12

are selected to be choosy; tend to use left/right landmarks; most of foraging and plant food gathering; use 3x more words each day than men; women value men’s financial resources which depicts help in raising a family

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Females

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-Provide Resources for food, housing, protection
-Status, Ambition, Wealth
-Parental Investment, children likely to survive with additional help
-Healthy Mates, good genes

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Sexual Selection, what women want

Front 14

-Many partners, number of sperm vs eggs
-Fertile Mates
-Parental Investment
-Healthy Mates/Good Genes, females stay alive to raise offspring

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Sexual Selection, What men want

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(which are caused by hormones)- Fuller lips, fat deposits on hips and breasts

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Estrogens

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(which are caused by hormones)- Wider and longer jaw, wider nose, more pronounced brow ridges, thicker eyebrows

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Androgens

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perceived beauty depends on an interaction between displayed hormone markers and the hormonal state of the viewer

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Hormonal Theory of Facial Attractiveness

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Concluded that high-earning women value earning capacity of their husband’s more than low-earning women. Men want Kindness, Intelligence, Beauty and Youth. Women want Kindness, Intelligence, Wealth and Status.

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David Buss Study

Front 19

Short-Term mates are selected on the basis of physical characteristics while Long-term mates are by psychological characteristics.

Back 19

Why different mates are selected for which reasons

Front 20

6 men wore a shirt for 2 consecutive nights, women preferred the smell of men’s shirts with different MHC

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Wedekind’s Research

Front 21

plays a central role in controlling immunological self/non-self recognition, influences individual recognition and mating preferences in animals. MHC in humans is called HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen).

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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Front 22

Oxytocin and vasopressin, both hormones are important to long term bonding

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Attachment

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an action that draws people together; Dopamine, also activated by cocaine and nicotine (love is addictive); Norepinephrine, known as adrenaline, starts us sweating and gets the heart racing; Serotonin, one of love’s most important chemicals that may send us temporarily insane

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Attraction

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An intense longing, testosterone and estrogen (sex drive)

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Lust

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the greater the risk of sperm competition, the more sperm should be inseminated during copulation. Baker & Bellis found that the less time a couple spent together, the more sperm ejaculated inside the women.

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sperm competition

Front 26

There are different hormones involved at each stage. Lust, Attraction, Attachment

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Three Main Phases of Love

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Vagina= 12 hours, too acidic; Cervix= 5 to 10 days; Fertilization can occur 5 days after copulation

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Sperm can live

Front 28

Linnaeus’ Taxonomy of People 1758
White, cheerful, muscular. Hair yellow, brown; eyes blue, gentle, acute. Covered with cloth vestments. Ruled by customs and laws.

Back 28

Homo Sapiens Europaeus

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Linnaeus’ Taxonomy of People 1758
Black, sluggish, relaxed. Hair Black, frizzled. Skin silky; nose flat; lips swollen; crafty lethargic, negligent. Rubs himself with grease. Ruled by caprice and impulse.

Back 29

Homo Sapiens afer

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Linnaeus’ Taxonomy of People 1758
Pale, yellow, miserable, stiff. Hair black, eyes dark; stuck-up, envious. Covered with loose garments. Ruled by belief and opinions.

Back 30

Homo Sapiens asiaticus

Front 31

Linnaeus’ Taxonomy of People 1758
red, angry, upright. Hair black, straight, thick; nostrils wide; face harsh, beard scantly; stubborn, content free. Paints himself with fine red lines. Ruled by habit and instinct.

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Homo Sapiens Americanus

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is based on false belief that intellect and cultural factors are inherited with physical characteristics. Assumes that one’s own group is superior.

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Racism

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The false belief that there is a relationship between physical characteristics such as skin color or sex, and certain behavioral traits such as intelligence and mortality.

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Biological Determinism

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His studies found no direct links between race, brain size, cranial capacity and intelligence levels; said politics and ideology influenced these “scientifically” racist views.

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Franz Boaz 1900

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o There is NO characteristic, trait or gene that distinguishes all members of one race from all members of another race. Despite surface difference, we are the most similar of all species (99.9% similar).

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NO characteristic, trait or gene that distinguishes all members of one race from all members of another race.

Front 36

Most mammals lose the ability to digest milk in adulthood. Western Eurasian ancestry can drink milk while Eastern Eurasians are lactose intolerant. 70% of ALL ppl cannot tolerate lactose as adults.

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Lactose Intolerant

Front 37

Most common among people of European ancestry, and helps protect against cholera

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Cystic Fybrosis

Front 38

slow four-handed climbing, hands and feet are used with equal efficiency and are considered interchangeable, the Orangutans.

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Quadrumanual

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walk on all fours, with flat palms

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Quadrupedal

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Vertical Climbing and Leaping, Pygmy Marmoset, the Tarsier, the Sifaka.

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VCL

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Swinging by the arms from branch to branch, the Gibbon.

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Brachiation

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A combination of leaping and arm swinging, the Muriqui, the Spider Monkey.

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Semibrachiation

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the upper parts of the body are supported by the knuckles rather than the palms, the Gorilla.

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Knuckle Walking

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extra musculature vertebrae and a kind of rubberized grip, NWM atelidae and some cebidae.

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Prehensile Tail

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fruit-eater, e.g. orangutans and chimpanzees

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Frugivore

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plant eater (includes leaf & fruit eaters), e.g. gorillas

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Herbivore

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animal and plant eater, e.g. owl monkey and orangutans

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Omnivore

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gum-eaters (sap and gums from “injuries” to trees), e.g. tamarinsand marmosets

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Gummivore / exudativore

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insect-eaters, e.g. tarsiers and marmosets

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Insectivore

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leaf-eater, e.g. leaf eating monkeys such as colobines and langurs → → and Gorilla Diet(2:00 total)

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Folivore

Front 51

32 teeth= 8 incisors, 4 Canines, 8 Premolars, 12 Molars. 36 teeth= 4 extra premolars.

Back 51

how many teeth and how many of each kind?

Front 52

have 32 teeth adult teeth, although some NWM have 36.

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Most anthropoid's teeth(humans, apes, and OWM)

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Incisors, canines, premolars & molars (ICPM).

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4 Types of Teeth

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Humans and NH primates develop two sets of teeth; Deciduous: milk or baby teeth & Permanent teeth.

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Two sets of teeth...

Front 55

are frugivores and have specially adapted cheek pouches to store food as they forage, and then they eat the food in a safe place.

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OWM Cercopithecines

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Brain large relative to body mass, increased intelligence, increased reliance on social behaviors when they live in larger groups (chimps outperformed humans at memory tasks)

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Primates Brains

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6-9 months pregnant, fewer offspring born

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Parenting Skills

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bone in the throat that indicates the ability to use language. If it is enlarged, it allows for long, loud calls for primates. It establishes territory and is used for warnings (Orangutans, Howler Monkeys & Siamangs)

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Hyoid Bone

Front 59

overall reduction in nose size and the olfactory areas of the brain; shift from smell to vision as most important sense (elongated snout = enhanced smell)

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Olfactory System

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black and white view

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Monochromatic View

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can only see blues and greens

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Dichromatic View

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can see all the colors

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Trichromatic View

Front 63

Single adult male lives with several females and their offspring. Single male constantly battle by outside males to takeover resident male position. Competition is very high in one-male societies, as a result, many infants are killed due to a change of a resident male. Other males form separate all-male bands, or live alone as bachelors.

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Polygyny

Front 64

not strictly polygynous; some male-male competition, few males and many females in offspring

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Male Multi-female Groups

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affection, bonding, friendship, reduce tension, reconcile after a fight, hygiene, traded for sex… sometimes
Different Social Groups

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Significance of Grooming- (cleaning, picking and eating ticks)

Front 66

specifically two types, Polyandry and Polygyny

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Polygamy

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These groups consists of one female and multiple males, she mates with all of them. Males invest a lot in their offspring. Very rare among mammals & humans

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Polyandry

Front 68

“family” one male & one female and their offspring, very territorial. Mammals= 3%, Primates= 15%, Human Society= 19%

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Monogamy

Front 69

groups with promiscuous mating, such groups are characterized by complex intra-troop politics and competition. Large in size, great deal of sexual dimorphism. Competition between males physically and inside the females vaginal tract. (Chimpanzees, Bonobos, Muriqui)

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MM-MF- (multimale-multifemale)

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based off territories, males and females don’t form permanent mix groups, individual males have ranges that overlap several different female ranges

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Noyau

Front 71

part of the female reproductive cycle when the egg is released from the ovary. (estrus ~ ovulation), sexual swelling (visual), chemical signal (pheromonal), invites the male for sex (behavioral)

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Ovulating

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A group has a shared territory, all members of the group are friendly to one another, but keeps non-members out. But they do not travel together, they form smaller groups to forage and these groups join and split constantly. Basically, MM-MF groups with promiscuous mating with the feature of splitting off into small groups.

Back 72

Fission-Fusion Groups

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usually attract when they’re ovulating because for many species this is the only time when a female is willing or physically can have sex, they’ll display their estrus

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Female attracting Males

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ornamentation (body bling), strength, coloration, large body size, be a friend, being the alpha, give her resources: food, sleeping sites, protection, pheromones: smell a good mate

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Males attracting Females

Front 75

Humans, chimpanzees and bonobos share 98.4 % of the same DNA sequence. Gorillas share 97.7% and orangutans share 96.4 of their DNA with human, chimpanzees and bonobos.

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Bonobos, Orangutans, Humans, Gorillas, Chimpanzees; sharing the DNA code

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pouched mammals that carry their young through infancy, young born very immature and stay in pouch until growth is finished, kangaroos, wallabies, wombats, Tasmanian devil

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Marsupials

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generally have a longer gestation, enables the brain to develop more, provides waste removal as well as oxygen and nutrient delivery

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Placenta

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Mammals in cold climates tend to have shorter and bulkier limbs, allowing less loss of body heat; longer slender limbs= allow for greater loss of body heat

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Allen’s Rule

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heavily pigments animals are found mostly in hot climates where there is intense sunshine; cold climates= lighter pigmentation

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Gloger’s Rule

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mammals that lay eggs, most primitive mammal, lay eggs with a leathery shell. By licking the tuft of hair mom produces a fatty sweaty milk; precursor to the nipple

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Monotremes

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Our body parts grow at different rates, which cause our body proportions to change drastically between conceptions and adulthood.

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Allometric Growth

Front 82

7 million at birth, 400,000 at puberty, you lose 1000 each month

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Women’s Eggs Timeline