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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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According to the reading "Meet the New Human Family", what evidence suggests that human evolution was not a simple linear evolution?
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Genus'/species that diverged from more than one direct line
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Which hominid had the largest cranial capacity?
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Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
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What major change in behavior occurred early on in the genus Homo (before 1.5 million ya) and likely allowed for hominid brain size to increase rapidly?
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Hunting with throwing spears
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According to the seventh additional reading (skin deep), why is the need to make Vitamin D and protect foliate morel likely to cause long-term changes in skin color when compared to skin cancer?
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Skin cancer only affects older adults after they have bred
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Where were tarsiers found?
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Asian countries (map)
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According to an article, how did China's Qin Empire define how China would rule for the next 2000 years?
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it est. a government system to run the empire
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According to an article, what culture had "toy dogs"?
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Romans
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According to an article, why were there so few clues about the Inca Emporers?
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The Inca did not have written records
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Where was bronze first used?
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Asia/China area
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Where were dogs first domesticated?
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Asia, china area
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CULTURE
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a society's hared and socially transmitted values, ideas, and perceptions
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5 characteristics of culture
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Shared
Learned Based on symbols Integrated Dynamic |
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Enculturation
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the process of passing culture from one generation to the next, and individuals becoming members of a society
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Society
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an organized group or groups of interdependent people who generally share a common territory, language, and culture and who act together for collective survival and well-being
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Idiosyncratic culture
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people in the same culture will have variations
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Gender
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cultural elaboration and meaning assigned to the biological differences between the sexes/a role one plays
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Sex
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Biological category (male/female)
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Sub-Cultures
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a distinctive set of standards and behaviors by which a group within a larger society operates
(boy scouts, gangs, sorority, frat) |
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Ethnic Group
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people who collectively and publicly identify themselves as a distinct group based on various cultural features (shared ancestry, common origin, language, customs, and traditional beliefs)
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Ethnicity
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expression of the set f cultural ideas held by an ethnic group
-Groups teach new members the standards and behaviors of their ethnic group |
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Pluralistic Society
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A society in which two or more ethnic groups or nationalities are politically organized into one territorial state but maintain their cultural differences
-The US |
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Symbols
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Sounds, gestures, signs, and other things that are arbitrarily linked to something else and represent it in a meaningful way
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Social Structure
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the rule-governed relationships, with all the rights and obligations, which hold members of a society together (family, associations, political groups)
-Establishes group cohesions |
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Infrastructure
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the economic foundation of a society, including its subsistence practices, and the tools and other.....?? (missed this)
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Superstructure
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a society's shared sense of identity and worldview, the collective body of ideas, beliefs, and values by which a group of people make sense of the world
-religion, national identity, worldview |
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Ethnocentrism
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belief that one's own culture is the best
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Cultural Relativism
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the idea that one must suspend judgement of other people's practices in order to understand them in their own cultural terms
(ex. Aztec human sacrificing, capital punishment) |
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A successful culture will:
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-provide for the needs of its members
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Cultural Adaptation
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a complex of ideas, activities, and technologies that enable people to survive and even thrive
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Ecosystem
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a system or functioning whole
-Complosed of both the natural environment and the organisms living within it |
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Cultural Ecology
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the dynamic interaction of specific cultures with their natural environment
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Cultural Evolution
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cultures change over time (not progress)
-Romans -Maya -China |
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Progress
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the ethnocentric concept that humans are moving forward to a higher, more advanced stage in their development toward perfection.
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Convergent Evolution
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the development of similar cultural adaptation to similar environments by different ancestral groups
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Parallel Evolution
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the development of similar cultural adaptation to similar environments by similar ancestral groups
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Carrying Capacity
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the number of people that a given area and its resources can hold
-Modes of subsistence: foraging for food, hunting, fishing, gathering wild plant material, food production, pastoralism, horticulture, agriculture |
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Economic system
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An organizational arrangement for producing, distributing, and consuming goods
-Societies control or regulate natural resources |
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Technology
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tools and other material equipment, together with the knowledge of how to make and use them
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Reciprocity
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the exchange of goods and services, of approximately equal value between two, or more, parties
-General -Balanced -Negative -Barter |
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General Reciprocity
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the exchange of goods and services, or approximately equal value between two, or more, parties
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Balanced Reciprocity
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Both the giving and receiving are specific as to value and thing
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Negative Reciprocity
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the idea is to get something for as little in return as possible (bargaining, manipulations, stealing, and cheating)
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Barter
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Surplus goods from one group exchanged for desirable goods of another group
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Kula Ring
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Balanced reciprocity reinforces social relations among the seafaring Trobriland people and other Melanesians
-Keeps people of distant islands linked (exchange brides, keeps trade going) -Soulva (red shell necklaces) traded clockwise -Mwali (while shell arm bands) traded counterclockwise |
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Redistribution
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A form of exchange where goods are taken to a central location where they are sorted, counted, and relocated (like our taxes)
-Spending wealth to gain prestigue |
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Forms of Redistribution
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Conspicuous Consumption
Potlach Prestige Economy |
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Conspicuous Consumption
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lavish spending or consuming for increased social prestige (royalty)
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Potlach
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ceremonial event in which village chief publicly gives away stockpiled food and other gifts that signify wealth (builds up prestige)
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Prestige Economy
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Creation of surplus expressly for gaining prestige through public displays of giving away gifts and wealth
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Leveling Mechanisms
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cultural obligations of those with wealth to give away goods, host feasts, do public service, or demonstrate generosity so no one permanently accumulates too much wealth
*philanthropy |
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Market Exchange
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the buying and selling of goods and services where prices are set by rules of supply and demand
-Our economy |
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Money
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Anything used to make payment for goods and services, as well as to measure their value
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Informal economy
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network of producing and circulating goods or services that escape government control (black market)
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Incest
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prohibits sexual relations between specified individuals, usually parents, children, and siblings related at minimum
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Endogamy
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Marriage within a particular group or category of individuals (inter-clan)
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Exogamy
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Marriage outside the group (small groups, dispersed population)
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Marriage
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A culturally sanctioned union between two, or more, people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws
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Monogamy
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marriage in with both partners have one spouse
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Polygamy
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one person with several spouses
-Polygny -Polyandry |
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Polygny
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One man with several spouses (many jennies)
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Polyandry
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One women with several spouses (many andy's)
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Group marriage
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marriage where several men and women have sexual access to each other... pair up like they do in monogamy but can step away from
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Bride-Price
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the compensation that the groom or his family pays to the bride's family upon service
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Bride-service
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a designated period of time after the marriage in which the groom works for the bride's family
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Dowry
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payment of a woman's inheritance at the time of her marriage (death or divorce insurance of sorts) to the husband's family
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Household
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the basic residential unit where economic production, inheritance, child-rearing, and shelter are organized and carried out
-Patrilocal -Matrilocal -Neolocal |
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Patrilocal residence
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residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the locality associated with the husband's father's relatives
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Matrilocal residence
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a residence pattern in which a married couple lives by wife's relatives
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Neolocal
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A pattern where the married couple lives in a new location
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Family
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two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption
-Conjugal -Nuclear -Extended |
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Conjugal Family
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a family established through marriage
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Nuclear Family
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a group consisting of one or more parents and dependent offspring, which may include stepparents, step-siblings, and adopted children
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Extended family
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several closely related nuclear families clustered together in large domestic groups
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Kinship
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a network of relatives within which individuals possess certain mutual rights and obligations... beyond the immediate family
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Descent groups
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any kinship group with a membership lineally descending from a real (historical) or fictional common ancestor
-Unilineal -Bilateral |
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Unilineal Descent groups
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descent establishes group membership exclusively through either male or female line
-Matrilineal: traced through female line -Patrilineal: traced through male line |
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Bilateral descent groups
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traces both maternally or paternally
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Lineage
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a unilateral descent group descended from a known common ancestor or founder in which relationships between each member can be stated exactly in genealogical terms
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Clan
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an extended lineal kinship group, often consisting of several lineages, whose members claim common descent from a remote ancestor, usually legendary or mythological
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Line exogamy
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lineage members cannot marry within their group
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Descent/Kinship hierarchy
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Society
Moiety (only 2!) Phratry Clan Lineage (largest-smallest) |
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Bilateral kinship
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traces descent both maternally and paternally
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Kindred
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an individual's genetically closest relatives on the maternal and paternal sides of his/her family (mother, father, siblings, cousins, aunts, uncles, grandparents)
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3 types of kinship groupings
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Eskimo
Hawaiian Iriquois |
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Eskimo grouping system
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nuclear family is emphasized and broadly lumping other blood relatives together (the one we use)
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Hawaiian grouping system
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all relatives of the same sex and generation are referred to by the same term
-Mom= biological mom and all blood aunts -Dad= biological father and all blood uncles -Sister= biological sister and female cousins -Brothers= biological brothers and male cousins |
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Iriquois grouping system
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Father and his brothers are "father, mother and her sisters are "mother"
-parallel cousins and cross-cousins |
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Stratified Society
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Hierarchally ranked societies with social classes or strata that do not share equally in basic resources
-Social class= members enjoy nearly equal prestige -caste system= membership fixed for life |
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Egalitarian society
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A society in which everyone has about equal rank, access to/and power over basic resources
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Social mobility
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most societies offer some ability to move between social classes (increase or decrease ones rank/status)
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