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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Marriage in anthropological terms |
The customs, rules and obligations that establish a special relationship with sexually cohabitation adults, between them and an children they take responsible for, and between the kin of the married couple. |
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What are some of the functions of marriage in society? |
-Extending social alliances by linking together different families and kin groups -Regulates sexual access among people -Provides a stable home for children and creates family -provides economic structure |
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What is incest taboo? |
Rules that prohibit sexual relationships with specific categories of kin. They are universal, although they apply to different categories of kin in different societies. Because sexual access is key in marriage, it limits who one can marry. |
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Endogamy |
Rules that marriage must be within a particular group |
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Exogamy |
Marriage is only allowed with someone outside of the group |
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What are the 4 preferential Marriage Rules? |
Cross cousin marriage, parallel cousins marriage, levirate, and sororate |
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Why do the preferential marriage rules exist? |
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What is Cross cousin marriage? And its function? |
Marriage between an individual and the child of his or her mothers brother or fathers sister. This reinforces ties between kin groups established in preceding generations. |
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What is parallel cousin marriage? |
Marriage between the children of a parents same sex siblings. This helps to prevent the fragmentation of family property and keeps recourses within the family within societies that have a male line descent. |
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Describe the custom of levirate and sororate. |
The custom whereby a man marries the widow of a deceased brother. This allows the marriage to continue even after one partner has died. Sororate has the same function, but is the custom whereby a mans wife dies, her sister is given to him as a wife. |
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Monogamy |
A rule that permits a person to be married to only one spouse at a time |
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Polygamy |
A rule allowing more than one spouse.
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Polygyny |
A rule allowing a man to have more than one wife at a time
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Polyandry |
A rule allowing a woman to have more than one husband at a time |
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Bride Service |
The man works for the brides family in order to get married |
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Bridewealth |
The most common form of marriage exchange in which the goods presented by the grooms kin to the brides kin to legitimize a marriage. This exchange of money to the brides family usually happens before marriage |
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Dowry |
Refers to the goods given by the brides kin to the family of the groom |
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what are the different rules of residence? |
Neolocal, patriloacal, matrilocal, avunculocal |
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Neolocal rule |
Married couples create their own household |
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Patrilocal residence rule |
Women live with the husbands family |
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Matrilocal Residence Rule |
Man lives with the woman's family |
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Avuncolocal |
Married couple lives with uncle |
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What is the function of extended family? |
To provide more alliances, labor, property, inheritance, security, and support |
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What is nuclear family? |
Organized around conjugal tie, so by the husband and wife relationship and their kids. |
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Kinship |
Relation by blood or marriage |
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Lineage |
Group of Kin |
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what is the function of a kinship system? |
To classify kin in a society, provide continuity among generations, as well as provide a lay out for the passing down of property or royalty lines. They also provide a clear universe of others that one can depend on for help and support |
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What is patrilineage descent? What is an example of it? |
Descent is traced through male lineage. An example from the book is the Nuer people, who are East African pastoral people in which all the rights, privileges, obligations, and interpersonal relationships are regulated by kinship. |
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What is matrilineal descent? What is an example of it? |
Descent is traced through female lineage, and the children belong to the moms descent group. The Hopi is an example of this and all of the rights and responsibilities vested in male elders fall to a woman's brother rather than her husband. |
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What is a clan? |
Unilinear kinship group descended through a common ancestor. Most of them are exogamous meaning they marry outside of the clan or group |
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What were the main points and arguments of the film "A Haunted History of Halloween" |
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What is the difference between sex and gender? |
Sex:Biological differences between male and female Gender: A cultural construction that makes biological and physical differences into socially meaningful categories |
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Describe Gender Ideology |
Totality of ideas about sex, gender, and the nature of men and women |
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What are the Hijra? |
They are transgender communities in India. they exist and are recognized, showing that gender is fluid, but they are not socially accepted into society. |
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What are some ways society has attempted to control female sexuality? |
Male control is expressed most in Muslim and hindu India in which they control over dress, marriage and divorce, and laws regarding abortion and adultery, Chinese foot binding, eating disorders motivated by cultural ideal of model like slimness |
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Describe Deep Play |
Concept by Clifford Geertz of the activities that reinforce culturally constructed gender values |
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what is meant by cultural variation in sexual behavior? |
Cultures differ in many things regarding sexuality like: -what age it becomes appropriate -ways people make themselves attractive -Value of sexual activity -variation according to gender |
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What are two Examples of cultural variation in sexual behavior? |
Irish of Inis Baeg -Absence of foreplay -belief that it weakens men -no premarital sex -lots of celibate females -late age of marriage Trobriand Islands -couples express affection by inspecting each others hair for lice |
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Gender Stratification |
The way that rendered activities and attributes are related to the distribution of resources, prestige, and power in a society |
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Patriarchy |
A male-dominated society in which most important public and private power is held by men. |
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Private/Public Dichotomy, what is it based on, where is it found? |
A gender system in which women status is lowered by their almost exclusive cultural identification with the home and children, whereas men are identified with public, prestigious, economic, and political roles. This theory holds thats the subordination of women is based on womens role as homemakers and occupying the domestic or private world that is less prestigious. Victorian Europe and the United States. |
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How do gender roles play out in foraging societies? |
In foraging societies, the gender relations are commonly egalitarian, the labor is shared, along with prestige being reached by both genders. Women often act as negotiators and handle the money |
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How do gender roles play out in Horticultural Societies? |
There is a high degree of segregation in the society, men exercise control over the land, and then the western influence shifts production even further outside of the home |
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How do gender roles play out in Pastoral/agricultural societies? |
They are quite patriarchal, and the women status is generally associated with how the society engages with cultivation |
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How do gender roles play out in the global economy? |
Womens status can really vary, but women are able to support themselves and can choose not marry, along with being able to reach prestige |
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Ritual |
A ceremonial act or repeated gesture or pattern of behavior used for specific occasions involving the use of symbols |
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Rite of Passage |
Commonly religious ritual that moves an individual from one social status to another |
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How did the Miss Navajo relate to the idea of rites of passage? |
In the pageant, they have to display their abilities to speak Navajo, Be able to slaughter and cook a sheep by themselves, show knowledge of the culture, and show talent. Some of these are rights of passage for being a women in their culture. |
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Cargo Cult |
A cargo cult is a religious movement usually emerging in tribal or isolated societies after they have had an encounter with an external and technologically advanced society. Usually cargo cults focus on magical thinking and a variety of intricate rituals designed to obtain the material wealth of the advanced culture they encountered.
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What are the three phases of a rite of passage? |
Seperation, Liminal, Reincorporation |
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Seperation Phase |
This initiates the right of passage, in which the participant is removed from the community |
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Liminal Phase |
After the initiation of the rite of passage in which someone is between social status's |
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Reincorporation Phase |
The participants in the rite of passage are put back into society with their new status |
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What is common of female initiation rites? |
She is either center of attention or isolated, sometimes having to do with the first menstruation |
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What is common of male invitation rites? |
Generally validates the dominance of the man in the culture |
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What are Liminality and Communitas, and what are the anthropologists associated with this? |
Anthropologist Victor Turner wrote about liminality, and wrote about the idea that in liminal states people experience a state of perceived solidarity, equality, and unity among people haring religious ritual |
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Religion- What are the five main characteristics? |
A social instititution characterized by: -sacred stories, -Extensive use of symbols, and symbolism -proposed existence of immeasurable beings, powers, states, places, and qualities -rituals and means of addressing the supernatural -Specific practitioners, or experts in the religion |
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Animism |
The notion that all objects, living and nonliving, are imbued with spirits
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Cosmology |
A system of beliefs that deals with fundamental questions in the religious and social order |
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Monotheism |
Belief in a sigle god |
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Polytheism |
Belief in many god or deities |
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How does religion preserve social order? |
It provides information about what is right and wrong in society, along with creating a common identity among identity |
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Toteism |
An Object or an animal species within a culture that has an shared cultural identity |
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Mana |
Religious power or energy that is concentrated in individuals or objects- so a belief in spiritual |
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Prayer |
An conversation held with spirits and gods in which people petition, invoke, praise, give thanks, dedicate, supplicate, intercede confess, repent and bless. |
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divination |
A religious ritual performed to find objects or hidden information |
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Sacrifice |
An offering made to increase the efficiency of a prayer or the religious purity of an individual |
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Imitative Magic |
The belief that imitating an action in a religious ritual will cause the action to happen in the real world. |
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Contagious Magic |
Based on the idea that things once in contact with a person or object retain an invisible connection with that person or object |
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What is the difference e between a Shaman and a Priest? |
A Shaman is generally born into their role and is an individual socially recognized as being able to mediate between the world of humans and the world of gods or spirits, but not recognized as any official in a religious organization. A preist has an official position in the organization by which they have been elected appointed or hired. They perform certain rituals for individuals or the community. |
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What is Witchcraft? Sorcery? |
Witchcraft is the physical aspect of a person who possess a magical force. Sorcery is the use of magic to cause good or harm in the world. |
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How has the idea of witchcraft contributed to conformity? |
It is a way for accusations to be made against people and stigmatize them for not fitting into certain social norms. |
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Describe the religion of Wicca |
A new religion based on the worship of nature |
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What is a Wiccan? |
A modern day witch |
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How do sky burials relate to the idea of impermanence in bhuddism? |
Impermanence expresses the Buddhist notion that all of conditioned existence, without exception, is transient, or in a constant state of flux. The film displays the way that nature is a cycle and they are giving the body back to mother earth and allowing their spirit to be reincarnated
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What is World Music? How could this idea be considered enthocentric? |
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Ethnomusicology |
ethnomusicologists look at music from beyond a purely historical perspective, and look instead at music within culture, music as culture, and music as a reflection of culture. |
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Art |
Forms of creative expression that encapsulate that are guided by pathetic principles and involve imagination and style |
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Manga |
Japanese Comic Book art |
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Ledger Art |
Plains indian drawings or paintings |
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Pillage |
To strip an area of money or goods using violence |
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Forced Labor |
Unpaid labor of native populations required by a governing authority. A way European governments tried to make their colonies profitable. |
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Monoculture Plantations |
An agricultural plantation specializing in the large scale production of a single crop to be sold on the market. |
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Joint Stock Companies |
A firm that is managed by a centralized firm of directors but is owned by shareholders, allowed for people to invest in expansion along with mercantilism |
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Dutch East India Company |
A joint stock company chartered by the Dutch government that controlled all trade in the Indian and Pacific Ocean |
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How is Colonization different than colonialism? |
Colonization refers to the inhabitation of an area while colonialism has to do with taking a foreign territory |
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Colonialism |
The active possession of a foreign territory and the maintenance of political domination over that territory |
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Neoliberalism
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Political and economic polices promoting free trade, individual initiative, and minimal government regulation of the economy and opposing state control or subsidies to industries and all but minimal aid to impoverished individuals. |
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Structural Adjustment |
development policy promoted by Western nations, particularly the United States, that requires poor nations to pursue free market reforms in order to get new loans from the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. |
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Post colonialism |
Using intellect to examine to controlling of a territory by another |
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Neo colonialism |
Using capitalism and imperialism to influence a country |
