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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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achieved statuses
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social positions people may attain later in life, often as the result of their own effort
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adaptation
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adjustments by an organism or group of organisms that help them cope with environmental challenges of various kinds
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adoption
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kinship relationships based on nurturance, oftehn in the absence of other connections based on mating or birth
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affinal
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kinship connections through arriage, or affinity
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affinity
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connection through marriage
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affluence
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the condition of having more than enough of whatever is required to satisfy consumption needs
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alineation
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a term used by Karl Marx to describe the deep separation that workers seemed to experiene between their innermost sense of identity and the labor they were forced to perform in order to earn enough money to live
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anomie
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a pervasice sense of rootlesseness and normlessnes in a society
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ascribed statuses
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social positions people are assigned at birth
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avunculocal
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a postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the husband's mother's brother
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bifurcation
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a criterion employed in the analysis of kinship terminologies in which kinship terms reffering ot the mother's side of the family are distinguished from those referring to the father's side
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bilateral descent
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the principle that a descent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by connections made through thier mothers and fathers equally
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bilateral kindred
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a kinship group that consists of the relatives of one person or group of siblings
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biocultural adaptations
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human cultural practices influenced by natural selection on genes that affect human health
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biological citizenship
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government recognition of citizen's health needs and intervention on their behalf
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biomedicine
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western forms of medical knowledge and practice based on biological science
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biosociality
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social identities based on a shared medical diagnosis
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blended family
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a family created when previously divorced or widowed people marry, bringing with them children from their previous families
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bridewealth
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the transfer of certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage. it represents compensation to the wife's lineage for the loss of her labor and childbearing capacities
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clan
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a descent group formed by memebers who believe they have a common ancestor, even if they cannot specify the genealogical links
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collaterality
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a criterion employed in the analysis of kinship terminologies in which a distinction is made between kin who are believed to be in a direct line and those who are "off to one side", linked to the speaker by a lineal relative
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compadrazgo
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ritual coparenthood in Latin America and Spain, established through the Roman Catholic practice of having godparents for children
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conjugal family
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a family based on marriage; at a minimum, a husband and wife and their children
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consanguineal
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kinship connections based on descent
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consensus
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an agreement to which all parties collectively give their assen
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consumption
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the using up of material goods necessary for human survival
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cosmopolitan medicine
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a more accurate way to refer to Western biomedical systems adopted by people in non-Western societies around the world
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cosmopolitanism
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being at ease in more than one cultural setting
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cross cousins
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the children of a person's parents' opposite-gender siblings
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cultural hybridity
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cultural mixing
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cultural imperialism
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the idea that some cultures dominate other cultures and that cultural domination by one culture leads inevitably to the destruction of subordinated cultures and their replacement by the culture of those in power
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culture-bound syndromes
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sicknesses and the therapies to relieve them that are unique to a particular cultural group
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descent
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the principle based on culturally recognized parent-child connections that define the social categories to which people belong
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diaspora
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migrant populations with a shared identity who live in a variety of different locales around the world; a form of trans-border identity that does not focus on nation building
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disease
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forms of biological impariment identified and explained within the discourse of biomedicine
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distribution
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the allocation of goods and services
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domination
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coercive rule
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dowry
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the transfer of wealth, usually from parents to their daughter, at the time of her marriage
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ecology
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the study of the ways in which living species relate to one another and to their natural environment
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economic anthropology
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the part of the discipline that debates the issues of human nature that directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living
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ecozone
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the particular mix of plant and animal species occupying any particular region of the earth
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egalitarian society
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a society in which no great differences in wealth, power, or prestige divide members from one another
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embodied inequality
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the physical toll that inequality takes on people's bodies
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endogamy
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marriage within a defined socail group
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essentially negotiable concepts
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culturally recognized concepts that evoke a wide range of meanings and whose relevance in any particular context must be negotiatied
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ethnomedical systems
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alternative medical systems based on practices of sociocultural groups
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exogamy
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marriage outside a defined social group
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extended family
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a family pattern made up of three generations living together
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extensie agriculture
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a form of cultivation based on the technique of clearing uncultivated land, burning the brush, and planting the crops in the ash-enriched soil, which requires moving farm plots every few years as the soil becomes exhausted
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family
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minimally, a woman and her dependent children
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flexible citizenship
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the strategies and effects employed by managers, technocrats, and professionals who move regularly across state boundaries who seek both to circumvent and to benefit from different nation-state regimes
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food collectors
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those who gather, fish, or hunt for food
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food producers
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those who depend on domesticated plantes or animals for food
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free agency
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the treedom of self-containted individuals to pursue their own interests above everything else and to challenge one another for dominance
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friction
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the awkward, unequal, unstable aspects of inter connection across difference
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friendship
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the relatively "unofficial" bonds that people construct with one another that tend to be personal, affective, and often a matter of choice
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functionalism
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a social scientific perspective in which a society is liekned to a living organism in which different systems carry out specialized tasks; functionalists identify social subsystems into which a society can be divided, identify the taskes each is supposed to perform, and describe a healthy society as one in which all subsystems are functionsing harmoniously
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gender
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the cultural construction of beliefs and behciors considered appropriate for each sex
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globilizaion
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reshaping of local conditions by powerful global forces on an ever-intensifying scale
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gonvernmentality
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the art of governing appropriate to promoting the welfare of populations within a state
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health
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a state of physical, emotional, and metal well-being, together with an absence of disease or disability that would interfere with such well-being
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health activism
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political organization around a biosocial identity in order to demand helath-related interventions by the state or other organizations
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hegemony
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persading subordinates to accept the ideology of the dominant group by mutual accomodations that nevertheless preserve the rulers' privileged position
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human rights
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a set of rights that should be accorded to all human beings everything in the owrld
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ideology
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a worldview that justifies the social arrangements under which people live
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illness
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a suffering person's own understanding of his or her distress
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imagined communities
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term borrowed from political scientist Benedict Anderson to refer to groups whose members' knowledge of one another does not come from regular face-to-face interactions but is based on shared experiences with national institutions, such as schools and government bureaucracies
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institutions
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stable and enduring cultural practices that organize social life
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intensive agriculture
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a form of cultivation that employs plows, draft animals, irrigation, fertilizer, and such to bring much land under cultivation at one time, to use it year after year, and to produce significant crop surpluses
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joint family
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a family pattern made up of brothers and their wives or sisters and their husbands
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key metaphors
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metaphors that serve as the foundation of a worldview
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kinship
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social relationships that are prototypically derived from the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance
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labor
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the activity linking human social groups to the material world around them; form the point of view of Karl Marx, labor is therefore always social labor
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legal citizenship
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the rights and obligations of citizenship accorded by the laws of a state
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lineages
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the consanguineal members of descent groups whobelieve they can trace their descent from known ancestors
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long-distance nationalists
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members of a diaspora organized in support of nationalist struggles in their homeland or to agitate for a state of their own
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magic
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a set of beliefs and practices designed to control the visible or invisible world for specific purposes
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maladaptation
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an adjustment by an organism that undermines the ability to cope with environmental challenges of various kinds
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market exchange
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the exchange of goods calculated in terms of a multipurpose medium of exchange and standard of value and carried on by means of a supply-demand-price mechanism
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marriage
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an institution that prototypically involves a man and a woman, transfroms the status of the participants, carries implications about sexual access, gives offspring a position in the society, and establishes connections between the kin of the husband and the kin of the wife
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matrilineage
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a social group formed by people connected by mother-child links
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matrilocal
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a postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with the wife's mother
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means of production
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the tools, skills, organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature
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mechanized industrial agriculture
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large-scale farming and animal husbandry that is highly dependent on industiral methods of technology and production
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medical anthropology
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the specialty of anthropology that concerns itself with human health
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medical pluralism
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the coexistence of ethnomedical systems alongside cosmopolitan medicine
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mode of production
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a specific, historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge
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modes of exchange
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patterns according to which distribution takes place: reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange
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monogamy
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a marriage pattern in which a person may be married to only one spouse at a time
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neoclassical economics
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a formal attempt to explain the workings of capitalist enterprise, with particular attention to distribution
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neolocal
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a postmarital residence pattern in which a married couples sets up an independent household at a place of their choosing
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nonconjugal family
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a woman and her childre; the husband/father may be occasionally present or completely absent
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nuclear family
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a family made up of two generation: the parents and their unmarried children
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oracles
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invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful
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organic metaphors
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worldview metaphors that apply the image of the body to social structures and institutions
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parallel cousins
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the children of a person's parents' same-gender siblings
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partrilocal
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a postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with the husband's father
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patrilineage
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a social group formed by people connected by father-child links
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persuasion
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power based on verbal argument
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political anthropology
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the study of social power in human society
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polyandry
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a marriage pattern in which a woman may be married to more than one husband at a time
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polygamy
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a marriage pattern in which a person my be married to more than one spouse at a time
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polygyny
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a marriage pattern in which a man may be married to morethan one wife at a time
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postnational ethos
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an attitude toward the world in which people submit to the governmentality of the capitalist market while trying to evade the governmentality of nation-state
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power
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transformative capacity; the ability ot transform a given situation
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priest
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a religious practitioner skilled in the practice of religious rituals, which he or she carries out for the benefit of the group
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production
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the transformation of nature's raw materials into a form suitable for human use
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reciprocity
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the exchange of goods and services of equal value. Anthropologists distinguish three forms of reciprocity: generalized, in which neither the time nor the value of the return is specified; balanced, in which a return of equal value is expected within a specified time limit; andnegative, in which parties to the exchange hope to get something for nothing
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redistribution
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a mode of exchange that requires some form of centralized social organizaion to receive economic contributions from all members of the group and to redistribute them in such a way that every group member is provided for
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relatedness
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the socially recognized ties that connect people in a variety of different ways
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relations of production
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the social relations linking the people who use a given means of production within a particular mode of production
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religion
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ideas and practices that postulate reality beyond that which is immediately available to the sense
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resistance
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the power to refuse being forced against one's will to conform to someone else's wishes
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revitalization
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a conscious, deliberate, and organized arttempt by some memvers of a society to create a more satisfying culture in a time of crisis
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secret society
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a form of social organization that initiates young men or women into social adulthood. The "secrecy" concerns certain knowledge that is known only to initiated members of the secret society
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secularism
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the separation of religioin and state, including a notion of secular citizenship that owes much to the notion of individual agency developed in Protestant theology
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segmentary opposition
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a mode of hierarchical social organization in which groups beyond the most basic emerge only in opposition to other groups on the same hierarchical level
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self
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the result of the process of socialization/enculturation for anindicidal
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sex
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observable phsical characteristics that distinguish two kinds of humans, females and males, needed for biological reproduction
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shaman
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a part-time religious practitioner who is believed to have the power to travel to or contact supernatural foces directly on behalf of individuals or groups
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sickness
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classifications of physical, mental, and emotional distress recognized by members of particular cultural community
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social exclusion
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the processes through which indiciduals or groups are excluded from material resources and societal belonging on multiple levels of political economy
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societal metaphors
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worldview metaphors whose model for the world is the social order
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sodality
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a special-purpose grouping that may be organized on the basis of age, sex, economic role, or personal interest
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structural violence
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violence that results from the way that political and economic forces structure risk for various forms of suffering within a population
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subjectivity
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the felt interior experience of the person that includes his or her positions in a field of relational power
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subsistence strategies
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the patterns of production, distribution, and consumption that members of a society employ to ensure the satisfaction of the basic material survival needs of humans
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substantive citizenship
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the actions people take, regardless of their legal citizenship status, to assert their membership in a state and to bring about political changes that will improve their lives
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suffering
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the forms of physical, mental, or emotional distress experienced by individuals who may or may not subscribe to biomedical understandings of disease
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symbol
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something that stands for something else. A symbol signals the presence of an important domain of experience.
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syncretism
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the synthesis of old religious practices or an old way of life with new reliegious practices or a new way of life introduced form outside, often by force
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syndemic
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the combined effects on a population of more than one disease, the effects of which are exacerbated by poor nutrition, social instability, violence, or other stressful environmental factors
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technological metaphors
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a worldview metaphor that employs objects made by human beings as metaphorical predicates
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trans-border citizenry
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a group made up of citizens of a country who continue to live in the homeland plus the poeple who have emigrated form the country and their descendants, regardless of their current citizenship
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transnational nation-state
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a nation-state in which the relationships between citizens and their extend to wherever citizens reside
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tras-border state
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a form of state in which it is claimed that those people who who left the country and their descendants remain part of their ancestral state, even if they are citizens of another state
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trauma
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events in life generated by forces and agents external to the perosn and largely external to his or her control; specifically, events generated in the setting of armed conflict and war
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unilineal descent
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thepriciple that a descent group is formed by people who believe that they are related to each other by links made through a father or mother only
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witchcraft
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the performanceof evil by human beings believed to possess an innate, nonhuman power to do evil, whether or not it is intentional or self-aware
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worldviews
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encompassing pictures of reality created by the members of socities
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