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182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The largest early literate civilization with cities and a monetary economy continuously in place for more than 2000 years
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China
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Homo erectus remains in China date back ____ years
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1 million
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Homo sapiens have been in the chinese region for the last ____ years
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300 thousand
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Temperate zone around the Yellow River in china was the center of _____ production beginning 8000 years ago
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millet and wheat
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The warmer and wetter Yangtze River tropical zone in china was the main ____ producing area beginning 7000 years ago
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rice
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Village state civilization in china began with the ____ Dynasty around 2000 BC and continued with only minor changes until 1949 when the ____ was established
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Shang
people's republic |
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number of modern chinese languages
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8
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chinese writing system
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logographic
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dependence training (definition)
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child rearing practices that foster compliance in the performance of assigned tasks and dependence on domestic group rather than reliance on oneself
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dependence training (4 characteristics)
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indulgence is shown
nursing 3-4 years children are assigned a number of childcare and domestic tasks at an early age aggressive and sexual behavior is discouraged |
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each chinese household is dominated by ______
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a senior male-- makes all important decisions
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chinese names (boy vs girl)
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boy names would be positive or prestigious
girl names are more negative |
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chinese rites of passage
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birth, coming of age, marriage, death
these moments are much more significant as milestones in religious history of th efamily than individual experience |
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birth ritual (3 steps)
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formal announcements--first bath
third day--infant's head is shaved and the father formally confers the child's name end of the first month--infant is presented at the family alter to the ancestors |
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chinese diet
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typically vegetarian
2-3% of calorie intake derived from meat |
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social class (def)
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groups of people in a stratified society, such as elites and commoners who share a similar level of access to resources, power, and privilege
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chinese elite
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2% by 1900
special dress, rigid adherence to confucian ideals and rituals |
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royal clan (china)
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royal court contained the emperor's numerous wives
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peasantry/commoners (china)
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200 million by 1900
village farmers who provide most of their own subsistence many are too poor to rent land |
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chinese examination system
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always held open the possibility for upward mobility
prospective beauracrats could take highly competitive examinations in the confucian classics |
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3 exam levels (china)
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provinial, national, imperial palace
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importance of age distinctions in china
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reflects the increased ceremonial responsibilities of older siblings in carrying out the duties of the Filal Piety, which require care for the elderly
specific roles in mourning and conducting rituals |
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household land in china showed a potential per capita food consumption of ____ times that of the landless
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5
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control of land in china
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land was owned by clans which gave lineages the right to distribute land use to individual families which transferred father to son
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type of reciprocity in china
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balanced--giving and receiving is specific
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markets in china are conducted every ____ days
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5
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clan (def)
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named group claiming decent from common ancestor without knowing genealogical link
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clan (4 characteristics)
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patrilineal
specific surname had clan temples where tablets of ancestors were kept villages commonly dominated by a single clan |
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lineage (def)
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descent groups whose members have their genealogical link to known common ancestry
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lineage (2 characteristics)
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patrilineal
very important to produce a male heir |
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chinese kinship formation
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older or younger age relative to ego is distinguished for everyone in ego's generation (younger brother, older brother) and for everyone in higher generations
distinct terms for grandparents, parents, and sibling offspring distinct terms are used for aunts and uncles on either side as well as siblings of the grandfather on each side the offspring of ego's parallel counsins on his father's side of the family have specific terms, all other parallel and cross cousins are grouped |
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3 chinese marriage forms
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monogamy
aranged ghost marriage |
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right in a chinese arranged marriage
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a transfer of rights between families...
rights over children sexual rights are solely the husband's lineage membership |
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before an arranged marriage in china
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a go-between would determine if the horoscopes of the prospective bride and groom were compatible
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chinese arranged weddings traditionally took place at _____
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the groom's family home
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a chinese woman's rights during an arranged marriage
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retain her own surname
her birth family retained the right to intervene whenever they considered her life or well-being to be in danger |
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ghost marriage in china (def)
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if a marriage had already been arranged but one of the individuals died before the wedding took place, the wedding would proceed so a woman would be remembered as married or so she would have a place to reside as an adult
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acceptable spouses in china
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different surnames and unrelated
frequently someone from a different village no cousins |
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divorce in china
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only initiated by husband due to wife's disobedience or failure to produce a won
divorced women were shamed |
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chinese dowry
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• Women entered a marriage with a Dowry—a payment made by the wife’s family to the groom or the groom’s family—and could keep any money they made on their own
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significance of foot binding in china
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Demonstrated a man’s affluence because it meant his wife did not do heavy domestic work
primarily practiced by the elite |
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foot binding began b/t the ages of ______
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5 and 12
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foot binding promoted ____
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wifely virtue for it made it difficult to walk great distances or to even leave the house
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na
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group in southern china
households are siblings and children of females sexual encounters are referrd to as "visits"--take place at night at the woman's house no obligations or exclusivity children join mother's kin group |
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how chinese women could overcome poor treatment at her in-laws house
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she could appeal to her family to intervene
develop female allies of well-respect women in the community so their husbands could shame the male head of the household to correct the problem |
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village-state civilization in china began with ______
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the shang dynasty
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chinese cities (3 characteristics)
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were political and ceremonial centers--not economic
where the elites and their retaners lived sustained by the labor and surplus producted from the villages |
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built the great wall of china
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conscripted labor army
forced work |
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theocracy (def)
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state government based on religious authority or divine guidance
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chinese emperor
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not a diety, but ruled with the mandate of heaven
position was inherited by the eldest son the emperor used ritual, prayer, and sacrifice to persuade his dead ancestors to appeal to the high god |
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high god (china)
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Ti
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animatism (def)
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a belief that the world is animated by an impersonal supernatural force or power which would manifest itself in people, objects and spirits
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The entire animatism ideology was expressed in a complex correlative cosmology based on ______
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complementary oppositions
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Yin
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female, earth, dark, cool, winter, valleys, passive, tigers, the color orange
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Yang
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male, heaven, light, hot, south, summer, mountains, dragons, the color blue
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metal, wood, water, fire, earth
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Water produces wood but overcomes fire; Fire produces earth but overcomes metal; Metal produces water but overcomes wood; Wood produces fire but overcomes earth; Earth produces metal but overcomes water
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Ancestral Spirit belief system in china
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A belief consistent with the notion that human beings are made up of two parts: a body and a vital spirit
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confucianism sough to promote practical ideals of good _____, ____, and _____ that would preserve a stable system of social inequality
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government
citizenship domestic life |
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confucianism was institutionalized with the creation of an imperial university focused on the ____ classics written by confucius
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5
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confucianism because a state cult because it advocated ______ and a perpetuation of the _____ and ____ traditions of the extablished government
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filial piety
ritual political |
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confucianism created a form of _____ that held the empire together in the absence of overt ________
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moral nationalism
political or military force |
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3 recognized chinese religions
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confucianism
taoism buddhism |
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taoism was based on the teachings of ____
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lao-tzu
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taoism ws concerned with all cosmic forces as well as following one's ____ and ____ duty
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social and ritual
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taoism appealled to the ______
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commoners
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confucianism appealled to the ____
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elite
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buddhism came to china from ____
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india
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buddhism is a _____ system
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temple-monastic
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concepts of hell, sin, karma, and judgement are part of this religion
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buddhism
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_____ of the contemporary world's people are identified as either hindus or islamic
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one third
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beginning of hindu civilization
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developed after aryan invaders conquered the earlier domestic-scale residents of the ganges region and incorporated them into larger scale centralized
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cold season in south asia
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november through the end of februrary
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hot season in south asia
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march through mid june
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rainy season in south asia
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mid june through october
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3 families of south asian language
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endo-european
dravidian sino-tibetan |
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infants in south asia are left in their ____ wrapped in blankets... why
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cots
keeps insects off done to avoid evil eye will be picked up when hungry or fussy (depenedence training) |
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children are/aren't praised in south asia
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not... they fear it will spoil them and make them not obey
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control of land in south asia
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indian national law decrees that sons and daughters inherit equally from the father
in reality, the sons get the most lineage redistribute the land of the deceased to the males |
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distribution (reciprocity) in south asia
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balanced
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goods and services in south asia are sold for money determined by ____
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supply and demand
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ranked social status (def)
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ranked scale of human worth, political and economic consequences
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caste (def)
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occuptionally defined groups
ascribed groups which are hierarchally ordered and distinct |
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4 castes in south asia (list-- know order!)
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brahman
kshatriya vaisya sudra |
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brahman
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lords of creation
priests, sacrificers, teachers |
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kshatriya
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protector of people
warrior political role |
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vaisya
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cattle herding and trading
offering of sacrifices |
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sudra
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serves the top three castes
lower level occupations |
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the lowest caste in south asia are the ___
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untouchables
declared illegal in india and pakistan |
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members of sub castes claim common ___
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founder
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the ____ are defines as superior (s asia)
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pure
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_____ take place by those who come in contact with the untouchables
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ritual purifications
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_____ are localized in communities (s asia)
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castes of similar rank
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___ can give food to everyone but only accept it from ____ (s asia)
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brahman
other brahman |
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muslim castes (3--list)
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ashral
artisan untouchables |
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ashral
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descendents of muhammad and those who helped him
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artisan
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weavers, potters, barbers
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untouchables (muslim)
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sweepers
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women's status in north india
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prefer son over daughter
requires little agriculture labor input females are denied education they marry early wife beating is common |
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women's status in south india
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daughter is seen as economically valuable
they marry later literacy rates are higher |
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what is purdah and who does it
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veiling of female faces and bodies
physical seperation of living spaces by females and males hindus and muslims |
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functions of purdah
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creates dependency of males and females
females must rely on males while she is at home arranged marriages may use parallel cousins minimizes chance of adultry |
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marriage forms in south asia
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monogamy
polygyny polyandry arranged |
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the koran allows a man to have up to ___ wives and _____ number of ______ (s asia)
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4
any concubines |
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ployandry occurs in less than ____ % of the world's societies
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.5
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in polyandry, descent is ____lineal
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patri
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husbands in polyandry households ____ allowed to take on another wife, particularly if ______
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are
the first wife is barren |
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when a husband in a polyandry relationship takes on a second wife, it is often _____
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the sister of their original wife
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associated polyandry (def)
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a woman is simultaneously married to two unrelated men
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the first husband in associated polyandry is the _____
what does this mean? |
principle husband
he has the most authority, but economic resources are held independently both husbands are considered fathers to any children |
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fraternal polyandry (def)
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a woman is simltaneously married to several brothers
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fraternal polyandry (characteristics)
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advantageous where resources are extremely limited
all brothers actively participate at the marriage ceremony--the oldest serves as the groom all brothers have equal sexual access to the wife live patrilocally |
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advantages of polyandry
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reduces population growth and pressure on limited resources
all responsibility doesn't fall on one father inherit a larger parcel of land and family possessions |
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in south asia, ___ marriage is the norm
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arranged
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among hindus, the father of a ____ seeks a ___-in-law
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girl
son |
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among muslims, the father of a ___ seeks a ___-in-law
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boy
daughter |
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among _____, cousin marriage is common (s asia)
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muslims
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in _____ and ____, cross-cousin marriage is preferred (s asia)
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south india
sri lanka |
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hypergamy
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low-ranked women must marry equal or higher-ranked men
marrying a man of lower rank carries a huge social stigma |
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hypogamy
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high-ranked men marry lower-ranked women
no social stigma attached |
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in south asia, ____ is a ritual requirement, especially for the highest casts
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chastity
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sati
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a 'virtuous woman' throws herself on her husband's funeral pyre to be transformed into a goddess
now illegal |
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funeral pyre
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public burning of a body
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dowry
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good transferred from the bride's family to the groom's family or to the couple themselves
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in case of divorce in south asia, ____ must be returned
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the dowry
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it is estimated that 2000 or more _____ occure every year in india
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dowry deaths
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dowry death
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wives murdered by their husbands after they have extorted as much as possible from the brides' family
since the wife died and there was no divorce, the husband doesn't have to give the dowry back |
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the emergence of a ______ in modern india has inflated wory payments
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consumption-based middle class
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bride wealth
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goods, often livestock, that are transferred from the family of the groom to the famiy of the bride
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state (def)
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defined in anthropology as a centralized political system with the power to coerce
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a ____ political organization existed in south asia from about 1000-600 bc
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chiefdom
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polytheist
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a belief in a multitude of super natural beings
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super naturals in polytheistic religions in south asia incorporate many unversal ____ and ____
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complementary oppositions
ambiguities |
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____ icons often combine animal and human shapes with multiple arms, heads or eyes to indicate different aspects of the deity
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hindu
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____ is a creator and a destroyer, benevolent and vengeful, and may be portaryed with multiple faces, three eyes, and four arms and sometimes as both male and female (hinduism)
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siva
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hinduism is ______
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polytheistic
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hinduism supports the belief in ___ and ____
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karma
reincarnation |
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rasa
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refers to the emotional pleasure that art can provide
hinduism |
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most important goals of the hindu good life (4)
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righteousness
spirituality prosperity pleasure |
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darsan
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refers to religious "seeing"
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cows are considered sacred in this religion
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hinduism
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god's message is recorded as sacred scriputre in the koran in this religion
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islam
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the koran
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a text based on a religious belief system transmitted in arabic directly by Allah (God) to the Prophet Muhammad beginning about AD 610
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after the death of muhammad, a period of ____ began
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rapid military expansion
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in islam, a deep-seated belief in _____ exists
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satan
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in islam, man's fundamental role is one of _____
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moral struggle
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what happens on the last day according to islam
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the dead will be resurrected and a judgment will be pronounced on every person in accordance with deeps—hellfire or paradise
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five pillars of islam
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recitation of the shahabad: confessions of faith
performance of five daily prayers giving of Alms observance of the fast of ramadam pilramage to mecca |
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islamic state is based on the ___
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shani'a
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view of women according to islamic interpretations
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females are generally viewed as inferior to men
Females are to be protected by husbands Daughters inherit less than sons |
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islamic females are allowed _____ spouse(s) and males are allowed ____ spouse(s)
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one
up to four |
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islamic females marry ______
males marry _____ |
muslims
any religion |
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the aim of religious practice (buddhism) is to be rid of the ____ or _____, thus freeing oneself from the letters of this mundane world: ____ overcomes the round of rebirths and is called ______
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delusion
ego success enlightenment |
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in buddhism, a person's fundamental ____ dies and is reborn time and time agagin
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consciousness
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buddhism... 3 planes of existence
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immaterial plane: pure spirits exist w/o material body
material plane plane of desire: living gross material lives |
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four elements of buddhism
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earth
water heat wind |
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in buddhims, living beings are divided in ___ categories: __ good and ___ bad
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5
2 3 |
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good living beings (buddhism)
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heavenly beings
living inhabitants male and female |
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bad living beings (buddhism)
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departed spirits, animals, hellish creatures in numerous hells
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in buddhism, the ____ state is more favorable than any other attainment
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human
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dharmas (def)
what religion is this? |
universal law which govern human existences and may be known by using reason
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_____ attitude is attained by meditation of one's ____
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alturistic
dharmas |
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indigenous peoples maintain many traits of small-scale cultures such as ___-level ____ management
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community
resource |
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genocide (def)
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extermination of human population
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accidental genocide
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may be accidentally carried out with little regard for imnpact on others--small pox and other illnesses
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effects of past and present cultural contact on indiginous people (3)
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genocide
ethnocide ecocide |
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ethnocide (def)
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the forced destruction of a cultural system
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ethnocide is often accomplished by ____
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assimilation
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assimilation (def)
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the loss of distinctive cultural traits as a population surrenders its autonomy and is aborbed into dominant society and culture
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incorporation of indiginous cultures by a foreign culture initially causes ______
why |
depopulation
because of enslavement, genocide, and the disruption of support networks |
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loss of political autonomy in indiginous cultures
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during incorporation by a foreign culture
loss of self-government due to foreign military conquest and the extension of government control |
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loss of economic autonomy in indiginous cultures
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during incorporation by a foreign culture
loss of self-subsistence due to territorial reduction and resource depletion followed by market dependency and impoverishment |
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2 reactions to forcible change (indigenous peoples being colonized)
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remove themselves to the nearest available forest, desert, or other inhospitable place in an effort to escape the oppression
fight back |
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guanches (who are they)
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original inhabitants of the canary islands
village farmers resisted invaders until spanish gained full control those that survived the conquest were exiled and enslaved |
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robriand islanders (who are they)
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under british rule, they were forced to give up competitive feasting/dancing for the game of cricket
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Of the numerous armed conflicts in the world today, ___% are in the economically poor countries of Africa, Asia, and Central and South America
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98
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political rebellion by indigenous cultures requires a ______ to rebel against
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centralized authority
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ecocide (def)
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the degradation of an ecosystem
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cash cropping (deF)
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raising of crops for market sale rather than for domestic consumption
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realist (def)
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a humanitarian policy position that maintains that indigenous peoples must surrender their political and economic autonomy and be integrated into dominant state societies
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____ was a product of colonial expansion
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anthropology
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indirect colonial rule (def)
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where european colonial administrators appointed local natives to serve as mediating officials to help control local communities
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idealist (def)
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a humanitarian policy position that advocates cultural autonomy for indigenous peoples as a basic human right
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