Anthropology Exam Ii

Front 1

Uniformitarianism

Back 1

Geological processes have been happening for a long time and will continue to do so.

Front 2

Strata/Stratum

Back 2

Layers of the earth. Layer of soil that marks a certain time period in the earth's geological history.

Front 3

Pedestrian Survey

Back 3

Walking survey: the practice of walking at even spaces in a line and walking across land looking and marking points of interest for further excavation to come back to.

Front 4

Excavation

Back 4

Process of digging and looking for fossils or other points of interest.

Can be done as a test excavation (1M x 1M pit), vertical excavation (keep going deeper) or Hotizontal excavation (spread out in an area and dig certain chunks).

Front 5

Context

Back 5

circumstances within which something is found

Front 6

Association

Back 6

Spatial relationship that has behavioral, temporal or functional meaning.

Front 7

Provenience

Back 7

Location in 3-D space.

Front 8

Fossil

Back 8

Preserved remains that have been dug up. Often will have gone through fossilization, but not necessary.

Front 9

Fossil Record

Back 9

Record of fossils we have already found.

Front 10

Fossilization

Back 10

Rare process of preservation that requires the right circumstances. Calcium and phosphorous is replaced by silica and iron to create a fossil.

The best environment for a fossil to occur is lacastrine (lake environment).

Front 11

Taphonomy

Back 11

Laws of burial: transition of an organism from the biosphere (living) to lithosphere (rock).

Bias in the fossil record that takes into account skeletization, geomorphological/chemical proccesses, root-etching, and biological processes that could prevent any given organism from fossilizing.

Front 12

Relative Chronology

Back 12

Places an objective in a timeline in relation to other objects or the stratigraphy it was found in.

Older or younger than another object in a given stratigraphy.

Front 13

Absolute Chronology

Back 13

Chronological age estimate for an object.

Front 14

Chemical Dating

Back 14

Type of Relative dating that takes into account the degree of chemical absorption over time.

Front 15

Fluorine Dating

Back 15

Form of chemical dating that measures fluorine content in bones, was used to determine that neanderthal bones had same amount of fluorine as other animals to know they shared a timeline with them.

Front 16

Tephrostratigraphy

Back 16

Form of relative dating that dates objects in relation to the stratum of volcanic ash (tephra).

Front 17

Biostratigraphy

Back 17

Dates an object relative to already known animal fossils within the stratigraphy.

Front 18

Seriation

Back 18

Also known as cultural dating that dates an object based on cultural advanced of a time period. In relation to human artifacts (tools, weapons, etc.)

Front 19

Radiocarbondating

Back 19

Dating the half-life of decay of carbon in an object, but only good for recent fossils as carbon has a short half-life. Anything that was once alive can be radiocarbondated.

Front 20

Radiopotassium Dating

Back 20

Dates volcanic eruptions but not living things. Can be used to date fossils trapped between two volcanic layers.

Front 21

Isotope

Back 21

Variant forms of an element that differ based on their anatomic weights and numbers of neutrons in the nucleus

Front 22

Half-life

Back 22

The time it takes for half of the original amount of an unstable isotope to decay into more stable forms (rate of decay)

Front 23

Parent Isotope

Back 23

The original radioactive isotope in a sample

Front 24

Daughter Isotope

Back 24

The isotope that is produced as the result of radioactive decay of the parent isotope

Front 25

Euprimates

Back 25

Adapids and omomyids - similar size to lemurs, longer snouts to ommoyids, look like a lemur and had longer tails, lead to the strepsirhines. (eocene)

Front 26

Adapoids

Back 26

Species that emerged in the eocene. small eyes; long snout; small incisors, large canines; short tarsal bones

Front 27

Omomyids

Back 27

large eyes; short snout; large incisors, small canines; longer tarsal bones

Front 28

Strepsirrhini

Back 28

Primarily lemurs

Front 29

Haplorhini

Back 29

Tarsiers, monkeys, apes

Front 30

Plesiadapiforms

Back 30

Carpolestes one of the plesiadapaforms that was a likely common ancestor to primates. Had a toe on its foot, nail on first foot digit, grasping hands.

Rest of plesiadapiforms did not have these features, had specialized teeth, no post-orbital bar, and so on. More like a cat-rodent thing.

Front 31

Parapithecids

Back 31

2133/2133 formula

Front 32

Propliopithecids

Back 32

2123/2123

Front 33

Nuchal Crest

Back 33

A bony ridge on the side of the head of certain primates (orangutan) to help give more force for biting.

Front 34

Sagittal Crest

Back 34

A bony mohawk especially found in orangutans, it is used to help bite down with more force on tougher morsels.

Front 35

Miocene

Back 35

The golden age of hominoids.

Front 36

Oligocene

Back 36

New and old world monkeys emerge adaptive radiation as temperatures drop all over the world.

Front 37

Eocene

Back 37

Strepsirhines and haplorhines diverge, emergence of first true primates.

Front 38

Paleocene

Back 38

First order of primates in this warm temperature time. No true primates yet, but plediadapaforms may have been an early ancestor.

Front 39

Proconsul

Back 39

Possible ancestor to the great apes. First example of the y-5 molar pattern. Miocene. Fruit diet, average teeth.

Front 40

Savipithecus

Back 40

Common ancestor to orangutan from the miocene. Thick enamel for nuts and seeds. concave face, oval eye orbits.

Front 41

New World Monkeys

Back 41

Monkeys from South America

2133/2133 average dental formula

Gained a premolar from old world monkeys

Front 42

Old World Monkeys

Back 42

Monkeys found in Africa

2123/2123

Front 43

Taxonomy

Back 43

Taxon: Group of organisms with "evolutionary relationships"

Classification of organisms according to
evolutionary relationships

Front 44

Morphology

Back 44

Form and structure of an organism either in gross or skeletal anatomy.

Study unique to bio-anthropologists that deals with human muscles, tissue, and the skeleton.

Front 45

Phylogeny

Back 45

Genetic tree with common ancestors.

Evolutionary relationships between organisms tied either to molecular information or morphological information.

Front 46

Derived Trait

Back 46

Characteristics unique to a species.

Front 47

Shared Derived Trait

Back 47

Characteristics found in more than one, but not all, descendents, but not in the common ancestor.

Front 48

Ancestral trait

Back 48

Characteristics that are shared between organisms.

Front 49

Suture

Back 49

A junction that connects the bones (I.E. skull lobes or ox coxae)

Line of junction or an immovable joint between two bones, especially of the skull

Front 50

Appendicular Skeleton

Back 50

Limbs and what the limbs are directly connected to.

Front 51

Axial Skeleton

Back 51

Skull, ribs, spine, coccyx.

Front 52

Long bones

Back 52

arm and leg bones

Front 53

Short bones

Back 53

Philanges, metacarpals, etc.

Front 54

Irregular and flat bones

Back 54

Pelvis, cranium bones (parietal, temporal, etc.) and other similar bones. Not necessarily "flat."

Front 55

Foramen magnum

Back 55

Part of the occipital lobe that the cervical spine fits through. Where head and neck connect.

Front 56

Anterior/Posterior

Back 56

Front/Back

Front 57

superior/inferior

Back 57

Top/bottom

Front 58

medial/lateral

Back 58

Medial (medium) = closer to the center or midline

Lateral = further from the center or midline

Front 59

Proximal/distal

Back 59

Proximal = near point of attachment

Distal = Away from point of attachment

Used on limbs

Front 60

Ethology

Back 60

Science of animal behavior, study of behavior.

Front 61

Prehensile Tail

Back 61

Tail that has adapted to grasp objects (Spider monkeys)

Front 62

Sexual dimorphism

Back 62

Physical difference between the sexes of a species.

Front 63

adaptive radiation

Back 63

process in which organisms diversify rapidly into a multitude of new forms, especially in climate change.

Front 64

stereoscopic vision

Back 64

Seeing an object with both eyes on the same plane, 3-D vision.

Front 65

Bipedalism

Back 65

Walking on two legs.

Front 66

Quadrupedalism

Back 66

Walking with 4 legs.

Front 67

Brachiation

Back 67

Tree-swinging/locomotion.

Front 68

Bilophodant molar pattern

Back 68

Molars are broken into two parts.

Front 69

Y-5 Molar pattern

Back 69

Y shaped valley in the molars creating 5 parts.

Front 70

diastema

Back 70

The over-sized upper canine that sharpens in the premolar honing complex.

Front 71

Infanticide

Back 71

Practice of killing infants, mainly to get a female back into heat.

Front 72

material culture

Back 72

Culture dealing with material.

Front 73

Early primatologists

Back 73

Jane Goodall, Diane Fossey, and Galdikus all met Leaky and pursued anthropology and primate ethology.

Front 74

List a few purposes the bones serve

Back 74

- Supports tissues of the body

- Structure for body parts and muscles to adhere

- Protects soft organs

- Reproductive site for red blood cells

- produces marrow and calcium

- System of levers to move

Front 75

Anatomic position

Back 75

Thumbs up, feet forward so the orientation of the limbs are easier to identify.

Front 76

Os Coxae (sketch it)

Back 76

Hip bone: ilium, coccyx, pubis, ischium, sacrum

Front 77

General primate characteristics

Back 77

Increased brain size to body ratio

frontal orientation of enclosed eye orbits

front-facing eye orbits for stereoscopic vision

grasping hands/grip

tactile pads

unspecialized dentition

decreased reliance on smell

nails instead of claws.

Opposable thumbs and toes

Increased gestation and maturation

Front 78

Key differences between strepsirhini and haplorhini

Back 78

Strepsirhini: Rely more on sense of smell, fingers and toes have mixed nails and claws, generally nocturnal, slightly smaller to body ration size compared to Hap. 2133/2133. Primarily lemurs.

Haplorhini: Larger brain to body size, greater sexual dimorphism, color vision, 2132/2132

Front 79

Dental Formula

Back 79

Half of the top over half of the bottom (quadrant over quadrant), expressed like a fraction. ICPM = Incisor, canine, premolar, molar.

ICPM/ICPM

Front 80

Bones in the leg?

Back 80

Femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.

Front 81

Bones in the arm?

Back 81

Humerous, radius, ulna, clavicle, scapula, carpels, metacarpels, and phalanges.

Front 82

Os Coxae

Back 82

Ilium, Pubis, Ischium

Coccyx, sacrum

Front 83

5 types of vertebrae in the skeleton:

Back 83

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumber

Sacrum

Coccyx

Front 84

Tooth comb

Back 84

Set of teeth found in lemurs used specifically for grooming (ticks and mites).

Front 85

Canine/Premolar Honing Complex

Back 85

The sheering complex that involves the upper canines (enlarged) that sharpen on the lower pre-molar as the jaw of the mouth opens and closes. Gorillas and Baboons are an example of this.

Front 86

Modes of locomotion used by primates (List 7)

Back 86

Bracchiation, leaping and clinging, quadrupedal tree climbing/branch walking, knuckle walking on the ground, prehensile tails, bipedalism (humans), slow branch walking.

Front 87

Advantage of a multi-male/female residence pattern?

Back 87

Can form together to scare off large predators and other enemies, females compete for resources.

Front 88

What is stratigraphy?

Back 88

The study of the order of rock layers and sequences of events they reflect.

Front 89

Law of superposition?

Back 89

Layers of rock on the bottom are older than those above it.

Front 90

Mastoid process

Back 90

Located below the temporal lobe

Front 91

Radiopottasium dating

Back 91

Pottasium parent isotope to argon. The dating of volcanic eruptions based on potassium found in the ground/strata, dates the layers of ash and anything between them. Cannot date fossils.

Front 92

Radiocarbondating

Back 92

Measure of the rate of decay or half-life of a carbon from its point of death. Best for newer fossils as carbon decays away quickly.

Front 93

What are the 3 hypotheses for primate evolution?

Back 93

Arboreal - Characteristics were selected because arboreal niche opened up and needed filled, and so this introduced grasping hands for brachiating, stereoscopic vision for swinging and leaping in 3-D space, prehensile tails, all of which were adapted for tree-living.

Angiosphere - Larger brain to body ratio adapted to be able to map this plant in the trees and so went to the trees for its abundance.

Visual adaptation - Primates are specialized for preying insects, where depth perception comes into play, can see color to be able to see insects, grasping hands and precision grip helps get insects. This also argues that other animals became arboreal but not like primates did.