Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Cultural adaptation
|
A system of ideas, actions, and technologies that allow people to survive within a particular environment
|
|
|
Ecology
|
Biological term- the study of how organisms interact with each other and their physical surroundings
|
|
|
Human Ecology
|
How people interact with their environment
|
|
|
Cultural Ecology
|
interacting of culture (or culture group) with environment
|
|
|
Cultural Areas
|
A geographic region consisting of cultures that follow similar patterns of life
|
|
|
People of a Culture Area Share (3)
|
• Environmental 1.challenges
2.Resources 3.Technologies |
|
|
Culture Core
|
Features that is fundamental in a society’s way of making a living
|
|
|
Culture Core examples (4)
|
1.Techniques for food production
2.Knowledge of resources 3.Work practices 4.Distribution practices/ principles of exchange |
|
|
Taboo
|
a social custom prohibiting a particular practice
|
|
|
Ethnoscientist
|
study reasons for native idea systems
(Why these things are considered taboo) |
|
|
Methods of Food Acquisition (5)
|
1.Food Foraging
2.Food Production 3.Horticulture 4.Pastoralism 5.Agriculture |
|
|
Food Foraging
|
Finding your food-
Hunting, Fishing, Gathering, Collecting |
|
|
Food Production (3)
|
Horticulture
Pastoralism Agriculture |
|
|
Horticulture (3)
|
1.Simple technology
2.Fields not permanently cultivated 3.Slash-n-burn (swidden) techniques |
|
|
Pastoralism
|
1.Herders that focus on goats, sheep, cattle, camels, yak, etc.
2.Use herds for food as opposed to labor 3.Either nomadic or transhumance |
|
|
Agriculture (3)
|
1.Uses more land intensively and continuously
2.May use domesticated animals, irrigation, and/or terracing 3.More densely populated |
|
|
Three basic elements of social organization
related to subsistence strategy (3) |
1. Acquisition
2. Distribution 3. Consumption |
|
|
Aquisition
|
how is it acquired
|
|
|
Ditribution
|
how people get there hands on the people once acquired
|
|
|
Consumption
|
how people get there hands on the people once acquired
|
|
|
Foraging:
Sexual Division of Labor |
Men: hunt, butcher, build
Women: gather, cook, child care |
|
|
Foraging:
Food Sharing |
Ensure variety of foods for all
Ensure food availability for all |
|
|
Foraging:
Camp |
Central location for consumption
|
|
|
Foraging:
Egalitarian Society |
Among foraging groups- everyone is equally poor
|
|
|
Economy
|
a system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources
|
|
|
Economics
|
study of such systems
|
|
|
Economic Anthropology questions (2)
|
1. What are the systems of economic behavior?
2. What are the motives of the individual? |
|
|
Systems of economic behavior
(3) |
1.Production
2.Distribution 3.Comsumption |
|
|
Economic behavior-
Production |
A set of social relations through which labor is deployed…
Divisions of labor by culture • Sex • Age |
|
|
Economic behavior-
Distribution |
1.Market Principle
Goods are purchased at money price 2.Redistribution Goods are centralized then distributed to all 3.Reciprocity Exchange between social equals |
|
|
Three degrees of reciprocity
|
1.Generalized
-no expectation of return 2.Balanced -expect return, though not immediate 3.Negative -based on deceit |
|
|
Marriage
|
socially approved (generally legal) sexual and economic union between individuals include: reciprocal rights and obligations b/w spouses and future children
|
|
|
Nuer
|
An only daughter can be considered a “social male
|
|
|
Genitrix
|
Biological Mother
|
|
|
Genitor
|
Biological Father
|
|
|
Pater
|
Social father
|
|
|
Mater
|
Social Mother
|
|
|
Incest taboos
|
restrictions against sex or marriage with certain individuals
o Related individuals |
|
|
Why incest taboos? (3)
|
1.Biological Problems
2.Attempt and contempt (Westermarck effect)- Adults are not sexually attracted to those they grew up with 3.Marry out or die out |
|
|
Westermarck effect
|
Adults are not sexually attracted to those they grew up with
|
|
|
Exceptions to incest taboos
|
Royal incest
- Among Polynesians: Marriage partners should have commensurate mana Mana= luck, degree of power - Consolidates Royal Wealth |
|
|
Common Marriage Practices:
• Exogamy |
Practice of marry someone from outside one’s group
|
|
|
Common Marriage Practices:
• Endogamy |
Practice of marrying someone within your group
o Group= cult, religion, community… etc |
|
|
Cousin Marriages
|
In some groups, people are expected to marry within their own family
o Often a first cousin |
|
|
Cross-cousins
|
Children’s of parent’s opposite sex siblings
• Father’s sisters children • Mother’s brother’s children |
|
|
Parallel cousins
|
Children of parent’s same sex siblings
o -father’s brothers children o mother’s sisters children |
|
|
Levirate
|
Custom whereby a man is obligated to marry his brother’s widow
|
|
|
Sororate
|
Custom whereby a woman is expected to marry her diseased sister’s husband
o Common form of second marriage |
|
|
Arranged Marriages
|
Future bride and groom do not participate in decision
|
|
|
Why arranged marriages
|
Family Unification
Unites two families Young are inexperience Mate selection is important |
|
|
Dowry
|
Common Europe and Asia
Money/ property given by bride’s family to groom Her “inheritance” is transferred to the groom o Girl’s share of family inheritance |
|
|
Bride Price
|
Opposite of dowry
Groom (or groom’s family) gives things of value to bride’s family Interpreted as a “bride purchase” Compensation of loss of daughter for bride’s family |
|
|
Bride Service
|
Groom works for in-laws for set time
|
|
|
Monogamy
|
Single spouse
|
|
|
Polygamy
|
Multiple spouses
|
|
|
Polygyny
|
Multiple wives, one husband
o Having multiple wives is a status symbol, they can afford to have many wives |
|
|
Polyandry
|
Multiple husbands, one wife
|
|
|
Why Polygyny?
|
1. Even with multiple partners, the female can only have one child at a time
2. Males have more to gain from polygamous marriages |
|
|
Why Polyandry?
|
1. low female population – infanticide
2. men travel 3. property distribution Keeps from spiting up property |
|
|
Residence Rules (4)
|
1.Patrilocal residence
2.Matrilocal residence 3.Neolocal residence4 4.Ambilocal residence |
|
|
Patrilocal residence
|
Woman goes to live with her husband in his community
|
|
|
Matrilocal residence
|
Man goes to live with his wife in her community
|
|
|
Neolocal residence
|
Marry couple establishes a new household in a new locality
(most common is US today) |
|
|
Ambilocal residence
|
Couple goes to live in either wife’s or husband’s community
|
|
|
Types of Households (2)
|
1.Nuclear Family Household
2.Extended Family Household |
|
|
Nuclear Family Household
|
Heterosexual couple and kids
|
|
|
Extended Family Household
|
Large household group pf related individuals
(blood, marriage, other ties) 3 generations |
|
|
Family of orientation
|
Family one grows up in; usually what we see as normal
|
|
|
Family of procreation
|
Established when one marries and has children
|
|
|
Descent group
|
Publicly recognized social entity (i.e. group) to which membership of based on the claim of common ancestry
|
|
|
Two types of descent group
|
1. Lineage
2. Clan |
|
|
Lineage
|
A corporate descent group of consanguineous relatives who share a common, known ancestor and associate with each other for a shared purpose
|
|
|
Unilineal descent
|
Descent is traced through one line- male or female
|
|
|
Ambilineal descent
|
Descent is traced through either male or female line, the individual chooses lineage
|
|
|
Bilateral (Double) descent
|
Descent is traced through male and female line
|
|
|
Patrilineage
|
Traced through male line
Daughters leave when they marry Patrilineage- live in husbands community o Apical ancestor Last known ancestor |
|
|
Matrilineage
|
Traced through female line
Son leaves to marry Matrilocal- live in wife’s community |
|
|
Clan
|
Believes they share a common ancestor
- often mythical Several lineages Long history |
|
|
Types of Relatives (3)
|
1.Lineal
2.Collateral 3.Affinal |
|
|
Lineal relative
|
relatives of your lineage
|
|
|
Collateral relative
|
those who are blood relative but trace there descent through a different relative
|
|
|
Affinal
|
those related through marriage
|
|
|
Generation Terminology
|
Identifies relatives by generation and sex
2 terms in parental generation Mom and dad |
|
|
Lineal Teminology
|
Disguishes between lineal and collateral realtives by generation
4 terms for parent’s generation Mom, Dad, Aunt, and Uncle |
|
|
Bifurcate Merging Terminology
|
Identifies realtives based on side of family and generation but MERGES parent’s same-sex siblings under one term.
4 terms in parental generation |
|
|
Bifurcate Collateral
|
Identifies differences between mothers and fathers side, sex, and generation
6 terms in parental generation |
|
|
Political Organization
|
The way order is maintained in society
Includes power distribution |
|
|
Power
|
Transformative capacity
- The ability to transform a given situation |
|
|
Uncentralized Political Systems (2)
|
Band
Tribe |
|
|
Band
|
Small (few dozen members- few hundred)
Kin-ordered Mobile within fixed territory Food foragers- hunters and gathers *Oldest form of human political organization |
|
|
Tribe definition
|
A range of kin-ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor
|
|
|
Tribe facts
|
100’s of members- larger than bands
Descent-based Villages Some food productions - horticulture - pastoralism |
|
|
Big-Man
|
person of influence, status, no real formal power
Speaks for the tribe, do some act to gain prestige |
|
|
Centralized Political Systems
(2) |
Chiefdom
State |
|
|
Chiefdom definiton
|
Political system comprised of 2 or more local groups organized under a single chief
|
|
|
Chiefdom facts
|
Relatively large- Thousands of people
Socially stratified- closed to the chief, maintain a higher status, rules for life, royalty is typically pasted down through family, responsible for warfare, law enforcement, Hierarchical Often unstable |
|
|
State defintion
|
centralized political system that can (and does) make and enforce laws to maintain social order
|
|
|
State facts
|
Very large: tens of thousands (and up)
Control held by multiple people- departments Relatively unstable (in the long term) |
|
|
Nation
|
a common history, culture, people who share a collective identity based on a common culture, language, territory, and history
|
|
|
Obi
|
male political head
|
|
|
Omu
|
female political head
|
|
|
Religion
|
The Hallmark of Religion
• Belief in the supernatural o Not subject to the laws of nature |
|
|
Three categories of supernatural beings
|
1. Major deities
2. Ancestral spirits 3. Non-human spirit beings |
|
|
Major deities
|
gods and goddesses
|
|
|
Major deities:
Monotheism Religion |
Belief in a single almighty powerful god
|
|
|
Major deities:
Polytheism |
Collection of gods, controlling different aspects of the world
|
|
|
Ancestral spirits
|
Human consist of 2 parts: body and spirit
African societies: well developed idea of spirits If annoyed: send sickness or death Eventually reborn into lineage Common in societies with strong descent based groups |
|
|
Non-human spirit beings
|
Not major deities; not human spirits
Spirits/ghosts that aren’t representations of humans |
|
|
Non-human spirit beings:
Animism |
Belief that nature is animated by spirits
Combines beings and forces Beings= gods, ancestors, ghosts, etc. Forces= impersonal powers- magic, luck, mana, etc. |
|
|
Dayak, Borneo=
Hudog |
hornbill , a mask of an endangered bird
Cultivate rice; hold a feast to prevent rice crop failure- perform dance to scare off, and happy tears to moisten to the earth |
|
|
Magic
|
Supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims- calling upon this spirits to manipulate
|
|
|
Imitative magic
|
create something to imitate the object you want to cast a spell on
|
|
|
Contagious magic
|
influence the person through contact, body part, clipping of hair, something they owned- direct contact with the individual
|
|
|
Religious Practitioners (2)
|
1.Shaman
2.Priest |
|
|
Shaman
|
Part-time religious practitioner- claims to have power obtained from a supernatural, through contain, near death experience and received the power, non-conformist, don’t represent a group
|
|
|
Priest
|
Represents a group to the supernatural, rather than representing themselves, they represent a group- serves as an intermediate
Minister, priest, reverend, rabbi, etc. |
|
|
Rites of Passage (3 steps)
|
Separation- ritualistic removal of society
Transition- isolation, training, ordeal Incorporation- returned to society in new status |
|
|
Rites of intensification
|
Rituals intended to bolster a natural process or to reaffirm a society’s set of values and briefs
During a time of crisis, come together fix there relationship |
|
|
Theories for disease causation (2)
|
1.Naturalistic
2.Supernatural |
|
|
Naturalistic
|
Scientific- germ theory, can identify the disease
Non-scientific- look to natural causes, like being in the rain without a hat |
|
|
Supernatural:
Animistic |
results of supernatural forces
|
|
|
Supernatural:
Personalistic |
another person directly manipulated supernatural forces to hurt someone
|
|
|
Disease
|
Biological term-
Physiological disruption in body function Causes by number of things- germs, virus, cancer |
|
|
Illness
|
Cultural term-
Temporary rollone assumes when one cant fulfill normal roles |
