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74 Cards in this Set
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Complex Societies
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Nations; large and populous, with social stratification and central governments.
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Cultural Consultants
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Subjects in ethnographic research; people the ethnographer gets to know in the field, who teach him or her about their culture.
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Emic
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The research strategy that focuses on local explanations(how people think) and criteria of significance.
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Etic
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The research strategy (scientist-oriented) that emphasizes the ethnographer’s rather than the locals’ explanations, categories, and criteria of significance.
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Genealogical Method
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Procedures by which ethnographers discover and record connections of kinship, descent, and marriage, using diagrams and symbols.
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Interview Schedule
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Ethnographic tool for structuring a formal interview. A prepared form (usually printed or mimeographed) that guides interviews with households or individuals being compared systematically. Contrasts with a questionnaire because the researcher has personal contact with the local people and records their answers.
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Key Cultural Consultant
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Person who is an expert on a particular aspect of local life.
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Life History
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Of a key consultant or narrator; provides a personal cultural portrait of existence or change in a culture.
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Longitudinal Research
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Long-term study of a community, region, society, culture, or other unit, usually based on repeated visits.
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Questionnaire
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Form (usually printed) used by sociologists to obtain comparable information from respondents. Often mailed to and filled in by research subjects rather than by the researcher.
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Random Sample
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A sample in which all members of the population have an equal statistical chance of being included.
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Sample
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A smaller study group chosen to represent a larger population.
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Survey Research
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Characteristic research procedure among social scientists other than anthropologists. Studies society through sampling, statistical analysis, and impersonal data collection.
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Variables
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Attributes (e.g., sex, age, height, weight) that differ from one person or case to the next.
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Acculturation
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The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the cultural patterns of either or both groups may be changed, but the groups remain distinct.
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Core Values
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Key, basic, or central values that integrate a culture and help distinguish it from others.
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Cultural Relativism
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The position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect. Anthropology is characterized by methodological rather than moral relativism: In order to understand another culture fully, anthropologists try to understand its members’ beliefs and motivations. Methodological relativism does not preclude making moral judgments or taking action.
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Cultural Rights
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Cultural rights include a group’s ability to preserve its culture, to raise its children in the ways of its forebears, to continue its language, and not to be deprived of its economic base by the nation-state in which it is located. Doctrine that certain rights are vested in identifiable groups, such as religious and ethnic minorities and indigenous societies.
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Diffusion
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Borrowing of cultural traits between societies, either directly or through intermediaries.
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Ethnocentrism
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The tendency to view one’s own culture as best and to judge the behavior and beliefs of culturally different people by one’s own standards.
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Generality
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Culture pattern or trait that exists in some but not all societies.
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Globalization
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The accelerating interdependence of nations in a world system linked economically and through mass media and modern transportation systems.
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Human Rights
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Doctrine that invokes a realm of justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions.
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Independent Invention
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Development of the same cultural trait or pattern in separate cultures as a result of comparable needs, circumstances, and solutions.
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International Culture
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Cultural traditions that extend beyond national boundaries.
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IPR
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Intellectual property rights, consisting of each society’s cultural base—its core beliefs and principles. IPR are claimed as a group right—a cultural right—allowing indigenous groups to control who may know and use their collective knowledge and its applications.
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National Culture
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Cultural experiences, beliefs, learned behavior patterns, and values shared by citizens of the same nation.
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Particularity
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Distinctive or unique culture trait, pattern, or integration.
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Subcultures
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Different cultural traditions associated with subgroups in the same complex society.
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Symbol
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Something, verbal or nonverbal, that arbitrarily and by convention stands for something else, with which it has no necessary or natural connection.
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Universal
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Something that exists in every culture.
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Affinals
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Relatives by marriage, whether of lineals (e.g., son’s wife) or collaterals (e.g., sister’s husband).
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Ambilineal
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Principle of descent that does not automatically exclude the children of either sons or daughters. It is flexible and the child gets to choose which side to be apart of.
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Bifurcate Collateral Kinship Terminology
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Is the most specific. It has separate terms for each of the six kin types of the parental generation. uncle and father are different
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Bifurcate Merging Kinship Terminology
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Uses the same term for parents and their siblings, but the lumping is more complete. uncle is still called father.
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Clan
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Unilineal descent group based on stipulated descent.
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Collateral Relative
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A genealogical relative who is not in ego’s direct line.
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Descent Group
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A permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry; fundamental to tribal society.
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Ego
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Latin for I. In kinship charts, the point from which one views an egocentric genealogy.
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Extended Family Household
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Expanded household including three or more generations.
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Family of orientation
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Nuclear family in which one is born and grows up.
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Family of procreation
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Nuclear family established when one marries and has children.
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Functional Explanation
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Explanation that establishes a correlation or interrelationship between social customs. When customs are functionally interrelated, if one changes, the others also change.
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Kinship Calculation
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The system by which people in a particular society reckon kin relationships.
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Lineage
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Unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent.
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Lineal kinship terminology
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Parental generation kin terminology with four terms. Nuclear family.
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Lineal Relative
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Any of ego’s ancestors or descendants (e.g., parents, grandparents, children, grandchildren) on the direct line of descent that leads to and from ego.
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Matrilineal Descent
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Unilineal descent rule in which people join the mother’s group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life.
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Matrilocality
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Customary residence with the wife’s relatives after marriage, so that children grow up in their mother’s community.
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Neolocality
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Postmarital residence pattern in which a couple establishes a new place of residence rather than living with or near either set of parents.
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Patrilineal Descent
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Unilineal descent rule in which people join the father’s group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life.
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Patrilocality
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Customary residence with the husband’s relatives after marriage, so that children grow up in their father’s community.
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Unilineal Descent
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Matrilineal or patrilineal descent.
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Age Set
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Group uniting all men or women born during a certain time span; this group controls property and often has political and military functions.
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Big Man
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Regional figure found among tribal horticulturalists and pastoralists. The big man occupies no office but creates his reputation through entrepreneurship and generosity to others. Neither his wealth nor his position passes to his heirs.
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Chiefdom
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Form of sociopolitical organization intermediate between the tribe and the state; kin-based with differential access to resources and a permanent political structure.
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Differential Access
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Unequal access to resources; basic attribute of chiefdoms and states. Superordinates have favored access to such resources, while the access of subordinates is limited by superordinates.
fiscal. Pertaining to finances and taxation. |
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Village Head
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A local leader in a tribal society who has limited authority, leads by example and persuasion, and must be generous.
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Hegemony
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a stratified social order in which subordinates comply with domination by internalizing its values and accepting its “naturalness.” ie The predominant influence, as of a state, region, or group, over another or others.
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Hidden Transcript
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the critique of power by the oppressed that goes on offstage—in private—where the power holders can’t see it.
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Law
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A legal code, including trial and enforcement; characteristic of state-organized societies.
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Office
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Permanent political position.
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Power
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The ability to exercise one’s will over others—to do what one wants; the basis of political status.
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Prestige
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Esteem, respect, or approval for acts, deeds, or qualities considered exemplary.
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Public Transcript
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the open, public interactions between dominators and oppressed—the outer shell of power relations.
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Social Control
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Those fields of the social system (beliefs, practices, and institutions) that are most actively involved in the maintenance of norms and the regulation of conflict.
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Pantribal Sodality
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A non-kin-based group that exists throughout a tribe, spanning several villages.
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State
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Sociopolitical organization based on central government and socioeconomic stratification—a division of society into classes.
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Stratification
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Characteristic of a system with socioeconomic strata—groups that contrast in regard to social status and access to strategic resources. Each stratum includes people of both sexes and all ages.
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Subordinate
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The lower, or underprivileged, group in a stratified system.
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Superordinate
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The upper, or privileged, group in a stratified system.
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Tribe
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Form of sociopolitical organization usually based on horticulture or pastoralism. Socioeconomic stratification and centralized rule are absent in tribes, and there is no means of enforcing political decisions.
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Wealth
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All a person’s material assets, including income, land, and other types of property; the basis of economic status.
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Fiscal
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Pertaining to finances and taxation.
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