Anthropology Exam 2

Front 1

Agriculture

Back 1

growing crops

Front 2

Animal Husbandry

Back 2

raising domestic animals

Front 3

Art

Back 3

the elaboration of an act or a thing beyond the utilitarian demands

Front 4

Artifacts

Back 4

Anything made by people or used by people

Front 5

Balanced Reciprocity

Back 5

direct or immediate exchange of goods with little or no long term social consequences

Front 6

Barter

Back 6

direct negotiated exchange of goods and services without money

Front 7

cargo system

Back 7

religious economic institution of chiapas maya where men spend great amounts of money and time for the honor and prestife of holding ceremonial offices

Front 8

commensuality

Back 8

group meals as a ritual

Front 9

cognition

Back 9

how people thing

Front 10

consumption

Back 10

3rd interest of traditional economics, use of goods and services

Front 11

Cultural adaptation

Back 11

both the process and the result of changes in a culture made to better interact with and exploit the environmental setting

Front 12

cultural themes

Back 12

basic organizing principles evident in various cultural practices

Front 13

culture neutral

Back 13

words used to describe behavior in another culture without carrying too many of the meanings over from the first language

Front 14

discoures analysis/conversation analysis

Back 14

studies the ways in which people actually speak, looking for the rules or patterns in our normal informal talk

Front 15

distribution

Back 15

one of the basic aspects of economic behavior, the movement of goods and services through some sort of exchange or reciprocity

Front 16

division of labor

Back 16

how work and other activities are allocated to specific sorts of people within a society, according to gender, age etc

Front 17

emblems

Back 17

a hand gesture that has a specific concise meaning

Front 18

emic

Back 18

ideas, categories, and explanations of the people themselves

Front 19

eotion

Back 19

certain brief responses, both internal physiological and external behavioral, influenced by cultural norms, to antecedent events

Front 20

environmental determinism

Back 20

an extreme position of cultural ecology that holds that cultural traits are the result of the natural environment

Front 21

Etic

Back 21

the use of cultural neutral scientific terms and categories to describe a culture

Front 22

exchange

Back 22

the movement of goods and services between people

Front 23

farming

Back 23

a general term for both agriculture and horticulture

Front 24

foodways

Back 24

all the knowledge and behavior that surrounds the foods of a culture

Front 25

foraging

Back 25

the food production strategies of people who live by gathering and hunting foods rather than by farming and herding

Front 26

gardening

Back 26

low tech farming without plows or tractors often characterized by shifting, nonpermanent field patterns

Front 27

generalized reciprocity

Back 27

exchange between relatives or others with close social ties, usually involving some time lag between one transaction and its reciprocal

Front 28

gift

Back 28

the sort of exchange of goods between people that usually involves a delay between the first and the return gift, the people are embedded in a web of social relationships, and the gifts are often said to be free, but there are strong obligations to repay gifts

Front 29

groupism

Back 29

the principle that a persons primary identity is as the member of a social network as opposed to individualism

Front 30

horticulture

Back 30

technologically simple farming usually carried out with digging sticks or hoes rather than plows

Front 31

hunting & gathering

Back 31

the food production strategies of foragers who get their food by hunting, fishing and gathering wild plants

Front 32

individualism

Back 32

emphasis on a person as autonomous, independent, not beholden to his or her social groups

Front 33

intelligence

Back 33

a complex bundle of skills and abilities, not necessarily correlated with each other, and very different from the one dimensional iq measure

Front 34

intensive agriculture

Back 34

farming that utilizes plows, tractors, chemical fertilizers, and insecticides, carried out on large permanent fields, often with irrigation

Front 35

kinesics

Back 35

the study of how the body is used in communication

Front 36

kula exchange

Back 36

the great interisland routesalong which people of the islands off the eastern tip of new guinea, including the Trobriand Islanders circulated valuable shell and coral ornamentals

Front 37

learning

Back 37

acquiring knowledge of skills

Front 38

leveling effect

Back 38

cultural institutions that function to reduce the distinctions between rich and poor people through fear or economic redistribution

Front 39

linguistic determinism

Back 39

the idea that the structure of a language has a total coercive power to shape perception

Front 40

linguistic relativism

Back 40

the idea that differences in languages are significantly related to differences in the way people see the world and deal with the world sometimes called
sapir-world hypothesis

Front 41

Mental illness

Back 41

a vague term for psychological behavior that a particular culture considers deviant

Front 42

morpheme

Back 42

one or more phonemes that have meaning

Front 43

morphology

Back 43

the study of how phonemes or sounds combine to form units that have meanings

Front 44

national character

Back 44

very generalized description of the psychological makeup of an entire nation

Front 45

negative reciprocity

Back 45

the distribution of goods without any full reciprocity, usually theft or trickery

Front 46

nonverbal communication

Back 46

those channels or communication that involve body movement, hand gestures, use of space and time, and the like, and complement or substitute for language in the narrow sense

Front 47

pastoralism

Back 47

the subsistence mode where a group is primarily engaged in keep herd animal, they either do some farming on the side or live in close contact with farmers

Front 48

personality

Back 48

those various attributes and attitudes that make up a persons individuality

Front 49

phoneme

Back 49

the sound or set of sounds

Front 50

potlatch

Back 50

ritual feasts where valuables are given away and destroyed in competition for prestige between high status leaders of societies in the Pacific northwest

Front 51

primitive

Back 51

an old term with derogatory and racist connotations used for other societies, usually tribal and band societies, in its basic sense of "simple" it could be used for kinds of technologies, but it has been so contaminated by its negative use that it is rarely employed

Front 52

production

Back 52

one of the three main aspects of economics, the creation or manufacture of goods

Front 53

proxemics

Back 53

how space and time are used in organizing human interaction, a term especially connected with Edward T Hall

Front 54

Reciprocity

Back 54

distribution of products and services by long delayed exchange of gifts

Front 55

redistribution

Back 55

oassing out goods to people, often in exchange for some sort of prestige or pooling and spending; taxation

Front 56

rite of passage

Back 56

a ceremony whose function is to dramatize the passage of a person from one status to another

Front 57

ritual

Back 57

a stylized act or performance with religious or magical purpose

Front 58

semantics

Back 58

the meaning of words

Front 59

semantic field

Back 59

sets of related words

Front 60

shifting horticulture

Back 60

farming where temporary fields are partially cleaned in forest or jungle, planted for a very few crop cycles, then abandoned (slash and burn)

Front 61

signs

Back 61

a signal with a direct, essential relationship to its referent

Front 62

situated learning

Back 62

informal transmission of cultural knowledge with emphasis on in situ, contextualized learning rather than classroom lectuers

Front 63

slash and burn

Back 63

shifting horticulture

Front 64

swidden farming

Back 64

nonintensive horticulture (shifting horticulture)

Front 65

symbols

Back 65

a signal with an indirect, arbitrary relationship to its reference

Front 66

syntax

Back 66

the grammar of a language

Front 67

taxation

Back 67

where goods or services are collected and then used or redistributed by a central authority

Front 68

technology

Back 68

the tools and techniques or manufacture and production (including both ideas and material objects)

Front 69

transhumance

Back 69

the form in pastoralism in which animals are shifted from one grazing place to another in a yearly cycle

Front 70

universal grammar

Back 70

the underlying innate, genetically transmitted basic structure of language that allows humans to learn any specific language easily and early