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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are call systems different than human language?
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vocal systems that consist of limited number of sounds that are produced in response to a particular environmental stimuli. They are automatic and cannot be combined to form language.
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What types of evidence do anthropologists look at when they try to determine when human language emerged?
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When cranial capacity expanded dramatically, when complex technology and artifacts began being crafted, when the anatomy of the throat begin to resemble modern humans, handedness
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Ethnocentrism
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the tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to apply one's own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people of other cultures
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define syntax and lexicon
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syntax: the grammar of the language or the patterns or rules by which morpheme are arranged into phrases and sentences
lexicon: the dictionary of a language or all the words and their meanings in a language |
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cognate
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words that are similar in sound and meaning in different languages (family and familia)
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when did the first city-state emerge? What was on the oldest known tablet?
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3,500 BC. The oldest known tablet contained a bill.
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What is cultural diffusion?
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The borrowing of traits between cultures through trade, war, intermarriage, and colonialism. The process by which cultural elements are borrowed from another society and incorporated into the culture of the recipient group.
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What emerged with food surplus according to Sahlins and other theorists?
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Degree of stratification is directly related to the production of surplus. Differences between distributer and producer create inequality.
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What is cultural relativism
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the viewpoint that behavior is one culture should be judged by the standards of another culture
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who does fieldwork for at least a year and learns the language of a culture
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an ethnographer
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how long has anthropology been a discipline?
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since the 19th century
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define norms
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agreed upon rules that a culture shares
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what is liminality
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in between cultural categories (unnamed babies, marriages)
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when did humans first domesticate plants and animals? Where?
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10,000 years ago. Fertile crescent.
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What does kinesics study?
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Nonverbal communication by means of mannerisms, posture, body movements, facial expressions, and gestures.
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what is paralanguage?
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optional vocal features or silences that communicate meaning apart from the language itself (grunts, moans, sighs) and also inflection and volume
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what is codeswitching?
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using more than one language in the course of conversing (spanglish)
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when societies are ranked as savage, barbarian, or civilized, this reflects the theory of:
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social darwinism
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do foraging people transform nature? Do horticulturalists?
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Foraging people do not. Horticulturalists do.
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According to jared diamond, what is the worst mistake in the history of the human race?
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Agriculture. People had to gather together which spread disease, our diets depended on three main crops which were high in calories but lacked nutritional value, and social inequalities began to form.
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what does the sapir-whorf hypothesis argue?
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it is suggested that language affects how individuals in a society perceive and conceive reality. the language we use frames how we see the world.
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define culture
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the set of learned behaviors and ideas that are characteristic of a particular society or other social group
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define balanced and generalized reciprocity. How does social proximity (closeness) play a part
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generalized: someone gives something to another person and expects no immediate return
balanced: immediate exchange of goods is expected close people are generalized |
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what is a society
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a group of people who occupy a particular territory and speak a common language not generally understood by neighboring peoples
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what are the five characteristics of culture?
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1. shared
2. learned 3. adaptive 4. patterned (or integrated) 5. changing |
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what is a subculture?
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commonly shared customs of a group within a society
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what is acculturation
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the exchange of cultural features that results when groups have continuos firsthand contact
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discuss ethics in anthropology
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american anthropologic association has a code of ethics. Must approach by asking "what will be the least harmful course of action"
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define horticulture
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small scale, low intensity farming with simple tools and methods
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define adaptation
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the process by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses
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list the four types of archeological evidence that indicate social complexity and state-level societies
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1. monumental architecture
2. difference in size of residences 3. differences in amount of material placed in graves as offerings 4. development of settlement hierarchies |
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what is globalization?
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the massive flow of goods, people, information, and capital across huge areas of earth's surface
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discuss foragers, horticulturalists, pastoralists, intensive agriculturalists, and industrial agriculture
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foragers: live in small communities, most are nomadic, don't recognize individuals land rights, generally dont have class, and dont have full time political positions.
horticulturalists: have small scale, low intensity farming with simple tools and methods. pastoralists: depend on domesticated animals for food. intensive agriculturalists: requires more labor than horticulture because its use of the land is intensive; uses animals, irrigation, fertilization, and terracing. industrial: uses machinery to enhance production |
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discuss complex foragers and where they get their food
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depend highly on fishing. are more likely to have bigger and more permanent communities, more social inequality, higher population densities, food storage, and fighting between communities
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name some characteristics of state societies
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hierarchical and centralized decision making, substantial population, full time religious and craft specialists, public buildings
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why is mesoamerica's development of state societies unique?
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they didnt have the wheel and no beasts of burden
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discuss tributary states. Why is the central rule considered weak?
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primary producers allowed access to the means of productions, however, tribute is extracted by political or military means. The ruling elite hold power. Relying on intensive agriculture, stock animal, plowing, irrigation systems
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What is functional differentiation?
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the degree to which different people or groups specialize in particular production, administration, political, or religious roles.
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what is the relationship between the emergence of agriculture
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people could become sedentary because they no longer had to move in order to get food
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what do lakoff and johnson argue about language?
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language is metaphorical
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define economy
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a system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources
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what is a subsistence economy
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economics in which almost all able-bodied adults are largely engaged in getting food for themselves and their families
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what is a band and what are some characteristics of a band? what subsistence pattern are they associated with?
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a small group of fewer than 100 people all related by kinship of marriage. Foraging.
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Discuss the difference between societies that are egalitarian, ranked, and class societies?
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egalitarian: contain no social groups with greater or lesser access to resources, power, or prestige.
ranked: societies that do not have unequal access to economic resources or to power, but they do contain social groups with unequal access to prestige. all residence are the same size class: societies that have unequal access to all three advantages, resources, power, or prestige. residences are different sizes. |
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how old is writing?
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about 6000 years ago
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What is the FoxP2 gene?
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gene that sets us apart from our closest primate relatives and equip us with the unique combination of features necessary for spoken language
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what is a potlatch?
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a feast among pacific northwest native americans at which great quantities of food and goods are given to the guests in order to gain prestige for the host
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discuss children in mali. why do families have so many children?
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have many children because the death rate is so high
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death rite
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any of the ceremonial acts of customs employed at the time of death and burial
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syncretism
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the merging of several originally discrete traditions into the formation of something new. Fusion of differing systems of belief.
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joking relationship
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involves official, sanctioned silliness, usually around the trading of insults. Never in the spirit of meanness
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schistosoma
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parasite that burrows through the skin around the ankles and calves when a person wades in infected water. Very common, half of the urine samples tested positive for it. causes bloody urine, which was thought to be the equivalent of a period, signifying a boy was sexually mature.
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kwashiorkor?
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cause by a diet low in protein but high in calories. Develops around age 3/4, when child is weened off breast milk because a new sibling as arrived.
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what is personhood? why are naming ceremonies important?
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social birth that gives moral status and membership into a community. Changes cross-culturally. naming ceremonies transition infants from potential people to people.
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what is emic and etic?
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emic: insiders perspective, how local people think and categorize the world
etic: outsiders perspective, an attempt to view culture objectively or impartially |
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what is particularity and what is generality?
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particularity: unique to certain cultural traditions (foods)
generality: common to many but not all human groups (nuclear family) |
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what type of subsistence have humans been practicing for oer 90% of our existence?
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hunting and gathering
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Relate the Life History Theory to infant mortality rates and resource-rich/poor environments?
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A couple may have more children in an unstable environment whichhas higher infant moratility rates as a reproductive strategy to ensure that anumber of children will survive to reproductive age/adulthood. In a resource rich and stable environment, afamily may only reproduce a few times because they have the expectation thatall or at least the majority of their children will survive into adulthood.
I hope this helps. Good Luck Tomorrow! Jensen |
