Anthropology Ch 5-9

Front 1

What are the benefits of living in groups?

Back 1

*Safety in numbers
*More access to mates
*Better access to resources

Front 2

What are some anti-predator strategies?

Back 2

Detection: Alert other group members
Deterrence: Scaring enemies away with a large group
Dilution: Getting lost in a crowd.

Front 3

Interspecific Associations

Back 3

When the presence of two different species is beneficial to both

Front 4

Territoriality

Back 4

The distribution of resources affects the degree of intergroup competition

Front 5

When are resources most likely to be defended?

Back 5

When they are clumped together and valuable.

Front 6

Intragroup Competition

Back 6

Competition within a group; produces dominance

Front 7

Scramble competition

Back 7

Competition over dispersed, low value resources

Front 8

Contest Competition

Back 8

Competition over valuable, clumped resources

Front 9

What will cause a mother to abandon offspring?

Back 9

*If the offspring has a chance of surviving without help.
*If the offspring reduces the ability for the mother to care for other offspring.

Front 10

Cathemeral

Back 10

Active during the day and night

Front 11

What are the consequences of living in a group?

Back 11

*More competition for food and mates
*Vulnerability to disease
*Conspecific problems such as cannibalism and/or incest

Front 12

Socioecology

Back 12

Study of how ecological pressures and natural selection shape social organizations

Front 13

Philopatry

Back 13

Remaining with birth groups. Either males or females must leave their natal groups

Front 14

What is the focus of female reproductive fitness?

Back 14

Food/health

Front 15

What is the focus of male reproductive fitness?

Back 15

Mates

Front 16

When will males invest in their offspring?

Back 16

*When finding additional mates is difficult
*When the offspring cannot survive without him

Front 17

Intersexual Selection

Back 17

Traits that attract members of the opposite sex.

Front 18

Intrasexual Selection

Back 18

Traits that can be used to fight members of the same sex

Front 19

Sexual Dimorphism

Back 19

Physical differences between the sexes.

Front 20

Mating systems

Back 20

The way animals find mates and care for their offspring.

Front 21

Why is rank/dominance so important for females?

Back 21

*Better access to food
*Able to stay in their natal groups
*Offspring benefit too

Front 22

Sexually Dimorphic

Back 22

A species varies in size according to gender.

Front 23

What sort of traits are favored by intersexual selection?

Back 23

*Traits that benefit the female
*Traits that indicate good genes.
*Traits that are appealing (Even if it is maladaptive)

Front 24

Estrus

Back 24

Period when females are fertile

Front 25

Sexual Selection Infanticide Hypothesis

Back 25

If a dominant male is kicked out, the new dominant male will kill any infants. This gives the male more time to mate with the females.

Front 26

How do females protect their young from infanticide?

Back 26

*Enlisting the help of another male
*Mating with multiple males so the parentage of the infant is unclear.

Front 27

When is sexual dimorphism most pronounced?

Back 27

In one male, multifemale groups. This makes it easier for the male to keep the females in control.

Front 28

When does natural selection favor high sperm production?

Back 28

In multimale, multifemale groups. This makes it easier for a male to impregnant anyone he mates with.

Front 29

When will males gaurd their mates?

Back 29

In monogomaus species, because there are no other females available, and other males may come and try to mate with her.

Front 30

Dyadic Interaction

Back 30

Interaction between 2 individuals

Front 31

Selfish Interaction

Back 31

Benefits the actor, but harms the recipient

Front 32

Altruistic interaction

Back 32

Harms the actor, but benefits the recipient

Front 33

Mutualistic interaction

Back 33

Benefits both the actor and the recipient

Front 34

Spiteful Interaction

Back 34

Harms both the actor and the recipient

Front 35

Social interactions

Back 35

Actions that affect the fitness of more than one individual

Front 36

Hamilton's Rule

Back 36

If the benefit of the recipient and the degree of relatedness to the actor are greater than the cost to the actor, than an altruistic act may be performed.
BxR >C

Front 37

Coefficient of relatedness

Back 37

The probability that two individuals will acquire the same allele through descent from a common ancestor (How close of kin they are)

Front 38

Phenotypic Matching

Back 38

Recognizing kin by physical similarities

Front 39

What are some contextual clues that can be used to recognize siblings?

Back 39

*Familiarity
*Proximity
*Physical similarities

Front 40

Matrilineage

Back 40

Maternal kin group

Front 41

Reciprocal Altruism

Back 41

Two individuals take turns performing altruistic acts.

Front 42

What qualifications must be met before a reciprocal altruism can be established?

Back 42

*The individuals must interact often
*The individuals must remember the altruistic actions
*The individuals must support only those who help them.

Front 43

Life History Theory

Back 43

Life is a series of trade-offs

Front 44

Brain/Life

Back 44

A larger brain = longer life

Front 45

Reproduction/Growth & Maintenance

Back 45

Earlier reproduction takes away from growth and development, thus minimizing lifespan.

Front 46

Fertility/Lifespan

Back 46

If a trait emerges that enhances fertility but shortens lifespan, it will be favored because more offspring will result.

Front 47

Fast/Short Life History

Back 47

Reproduce at a younger age
Small body
Small brain
Short gestation times
Large litters
High rates of mortality
Short life spans

Front 48

Slow/Long Life History

Back 48

Reproduce later in life
Large body
Large brain
Long gestation times
Small litters
Low rates of mortality
Long life

Front 49

What makes a life history change?

Back 49

Ecological pressures

Front 50

Social Intelligence Hypothesis

Back 50

Intelligence is associated with the need to interact with social groups

Front 51

What are some reasons for advanced intelligence in primates?

Back 51

*The need to extract food
*The need to interact with social groups
*The need for flexibility and adaptation

Front 52

Neocortex

Back 52

Part of the brain associated with problem solving and flexibility

Front 53

Executive Brain Ratio

Back 53

Measures how long the executive brain (which contains the neocortex) is, in comparison to the whole brain.

Front 54

Tactical Deception

Back 54

The ability to manipulate others without using force

Front 55

What are some examples of ecological knowledge?

Back 55

*Recognizing appropriate food items and knowing where to find them
*Cognitive maps

Front 56

What are some examples of social knowledge?

Back 56

*Ability to recognize family
*Redirected aggression
*Ability to recognize rank
*Forming coalitions
*Ability to understand relationships of third-parties
*Ability to use their knowledge to predict what others might do, and adjust their behavior accordingly.

Front 57

Theory of Mind

Back 57

Ability to be aware of the thoughts, knowledge, and perceptions of other individuals, and to use this knowledge to make predictions as to what they might do.

Front 58

Redirected Aggression

Back 58

A= High ranking monkey
a= Low ranking relation to A
b= Low ranking monkey

If A attacks b, b will attack a because a is a lower ranking relation to A.