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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dejure segregation |
Segregation or separation by law |
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Defacto segregation |
Segregation or separation by social custom |
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Racism |
The ideology that the members of one race are innately and inherently superior to another |
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Sexism |
The ideology that the member of one sex are innately and inherently superior to another |
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Linguistic racism |
How language demeans and devalues the experiences, activities, and accomplishments of members of the race perceived as inferior |
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Human populations vary in biological traits |
1. External visible characteristics 2. Internal invisible characteristics |
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The three processes that produce human variation |
1. Mutation and natural selection 2. Genetic drift 3. Gene flow |
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Mutation (and natural selection... process that produces human variation) |
A change in the chemistry of a gene- is the ultimate source of human variation. It could be lethal, sub-lethal, and could also be beneficial because natural selection favors it and traits produced become characteristics of the population. |
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Genetic drift (Process that produces human variation) |
Various random processes that affect gene frequencies in small, relatively isolated populations. |
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The founder effect |
One variety of genetic drift, it takes place when a small population, recently isolated from a larger one, expands in isolation. All the members display a particular, but neutral trait which eventually might become relatively common among residents of the area in a few generations. |
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Gene flow (Process that produces human variation) |
The process by which the genes pass from one gene pool of one population to the gene pool of another population. |
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Gene pool (part of gene flow) |
All the genes possessed by members of a given population |
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Linguistic sexism |
How language demeans and devalues the experiences, activities, and accomplishments of the sex perceived as inferior. |
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Bergmann's rule |
The smaller sized populations of a species inhabit warmer parts of its geographical range and the larger-sized sub-populations the cooler range. |
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Bergmann's rule |
The smaller sized populations of a species inhabit warmer parts of its geographical range and the larger-sized sub-populations the cooler range. |
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Allen's rule |
The protruding body parts (particularly arms and legs) are relatively shorter in cooler areas of a species range than in the warmer ones. |
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Bergmann's rule |
The smaller sized populations of a species inhabit warmer parts of its geographical range and the larger-sized sub-populations the cooler range. |
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Allen's rule |
The protruding body parts (particularly arms and legs) are relatively shorter in cooler areas of a species range than in the warmer ones. |
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Glogers rule |
Populations of birds and mammals living in warm, humid climates have darker feathers and skin than do populations of the same species living in cooler, drier areas. |
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Race (physical) |
A sub population or variety of a single species that differs somewhat in gene frequencies from other varieties of the species but can interbred with them and produce fertile and viable offspring. |
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Culture |
A set of rules and traditions that influence our beliefs, attitudes, behaviors, feelings, and emotions. (Culturally constructed) |
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Society |
A physical territory occupied by a group of people who have established on going patterns of human interaction |
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Cultural colonialism |
Internal domination by one group and it's culture and/or ideology over others. - Christianity, Soviet Union |
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Cultural imperialism |
The infusion of a society's culture into others. -requires a great deal of economics/power |
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Cultural lag |
The discontinuities that occur when one part of the culture changes at a more rapid rate than the other. |
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Ethnic expulsion |
The practice of systematic removal of groups who are culturally different from a country. |
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Prejudice |
The negative belief and attitude toward individuals because of their membership in a co-culture. -have to hear them talk, etc |
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Discrimination |
The actual unfavorable treatment of people because of their membership in a co-culture |
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Displacement |
The ability to communicate a message about events and activities with which neither the sender nor the receiver of that message is in direct contact. |
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Style shifts (code shifting) |
Variations in speech and non verbal communication in different social contexts |
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Cultural ideals (values) |
A cultures accepted standards of desirability that are considered important by that culture. -culturally approved goals - vary from one society to another |
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Cultural ideals (values) |
A cultures accepted standards of desirability that are considered important by that culture. -culturally approved goals - vary from one society to another |
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Norms |
Generally accepted rules that govern what should and should not be done in particular situations -culturally approved means -vary from one society to another |
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Folkways (Informal norm) |
Everyday habits to which people give not much thought and consideration |
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Folkways (Informal norm) |
Everyday habits to which people give not much thought and consideration |
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Mores (Formal norm) |
The norms which are considered to be vital and important to individuals well being and their most cherished values. -taboos=strong -moral ethical consequences |
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Folkways (Informal norm) |
Everyday habits to which people give not much thought and consideration |
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Mores (Formal norm) |
The norms which are considered to be vital and important to individuals well being and their most cherished values. -taboos=strong -moral ethical consequences |
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Laws (Formal norm) |
Formalized norms which are enforced by legal and political authorities. |
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Aesthetic norm (informal) |
Norms which define and encompass standards of taste and beauty in a culture -music |
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Cultural constraints (sanctions) |
Socially/culturally imposed rewards and punishments that compel people to follow societal rules and regulations. -tangible or intangible -used to enforce norms |
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Cultural universals |
Patterns of behavior and social institutions which are found in all known human societies. -norms |
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Sub(co)-culture |
A group of people whose perspectives and lifestyles are significantly different from those of the dominant culture, but not in conflict wth the dominant culture -there is no imposition |
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Counter culture |
A sub culture that is characterized by norms, values, beliefs, behaviors, and lifestyles that clash with those of the dominant culture -resort to violence (kkk) -nonviolence (hippies, beatniks) |
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Cultural integration |
The degree to which parts of a culture form a consistent whole |
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Cultural integration |
The degree to which parts of a culture form a consistent whole |
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Rites of passage |
Cultural activities and ceremonies which mark the change of an individual from one stage to another in the life cycle |
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Cultural integration |
The degree to which parts of a culture form a consistent whole |
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Rites of passage |
Cultural activities and ceremonies which mark the change of an individual from one stage to another in the life cycle |
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Cultural assimilation |
The degree to which the new comers take on cultural aspects of the host society |
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Structural assimilation |
The degree to which the new comers are permitted to join social organizations and clubs in the host society |
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Totem |
A plant, animal, or natural inanimate object that is used to symbolize the unity of the group |
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Language |
A system of verbal, nonverbal, and written symbols with rules about how those symbols can be strung together to convey more complex meaning |
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Symbol |
An object, gesture, sound, image, or design that represents something other than itself. -verbal (language), nonverbal (nodding, sign language), object (flag) |
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Univocal symbols |
Symbols that have only one meaning |
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Univocal symbols |
Symbols that have only one meaning |
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Multi vocal symbols |
Symbols that carry a number of different meanings |
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Elaborated speech code |
A more complex and precise language style used to convey ideas and meanings that are different from those in use around us |
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Elaborated speech code |
A more complex and precise language style used to convey ideas and meanings that are different from those in use around us |
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Restricted speech code |
A simplified language style based on assumptions of shared knowledge, view, and meanings |
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Elaborated speech code |
A more complex and precise language style used to convey ideas and meanings that are different from those in use around us |
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Restricted speech code |
A simplified language style based on assumptions of shared knowledge, view, and meanings |
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Linguistic relativity hypothesis |
People adopt the view of the world that is portrayed by their language |
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Sapirwharf hypothesis |
Language affects how individuals in a society perceive and conceive reality |
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Phonology |
The study of the sounds in a language and how they are used |
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Phonology |
The study of the sounds in a language and how they are used |
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Phone |
A speech sound in a language |
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Phoneme |
A set of lightly varying sounds that do not make any difference in meaning to the speakers of the language |
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Phoneme |
A set of lightly varying sounds that do not make any difference in meaning to the speakers of the language |
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Morphology |
The study of how sound sequences convey meaning |
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Phoneme |
A set of lightly varying sounds that do not make any difference in meaning to the speakers of the language |
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Morphology |
The study of how sound sequences convey meaning |
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Morph |
The smallest unit of language that has a meeting |
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Morpheme |
One or more morphs wth the same meaning |
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Syntex |
The ways in which words are arranged to form phrases and sentences |
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Daughter languages |
Languages developing out of the same parent language e.g., French and Spanish are daughter languages of Latin. |
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Daughter languages |
Languages developing out of the same parent language e.g., French and Spanish are daughter languages of Latin. |
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Black English vernacular (Ebonics) |
A rule-governed dialect of American English with roots in southern English which is spoken by African American youth and many adults of all ages in their casual, intimate speech |
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Social/cultural change |
Variations over time (some take longer to demonstrate impact) in behavior patterns, social structure, and the cultural system of a society. -changes in one part will cause changes for other parts. |
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Social/cultural change |
Variations over time (some take longer to demonstrate impact) in behavior patterns, social structure, and the cultural system of a society. -changes in one part will cause changes for other parts. |
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Sources of social/cultural change |
1. Innovation 2. Diffusion 3. Rebellion and revolt 4. The physical environment 5. Commercialization 6. Population |
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Innovation (Source of social/cultural change) |
The creation and institutionalization of new cultural practices. This is a two step process, beginning by A) discovery (any addition to knowledge, and B) invention (a new way of doing things) |
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Diffusion (Sources of social/cultural change) |
The process by which cultural elements or traits are borrowed from another society and incorporated into the culture of the recipient group |
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Diffusion (Sources of social/cultural change) |
The process by which cultural elements or traits are borrowed from another society and incorporated into the culture of the recipient group |
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Agents of diffusion |
Persons who are responsible for spread of cultural traits from one culture to another |
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Patterns of diffusion (Cultural contact) |
1. Direct contact 2. Intermediate contact 3. Stimulus diffusion |
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Patterns of diffusion (Cultural contact) |
1. Direct contact 2. Intermediate contact 3. Stimulus diffusion |
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Direct contact (Pattern of diffusion) |
The process by which elements of culture are first taken up by neighboring societies and then gradually spread farther and farther |
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Patterns of diffusion (Cultural contact) |
1. Direct contact 2. Intermediate contact 3. Stimulus diffusion |
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Direct contact (Pattern of diffusion) |
The process by which elements of culture are first taken up by neighboring societies and then gradually spread farther and farther |
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Intermediate contact |
The process in which third parties, most often traders, carry a cultural trait or element from a society originating it to another group receiving it |
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Patterns of diffusion (Cultural contact) |
1. Direct contact 2. Intermediate contact 3. Stimulus diffusion |
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Direct contact (Pattern of diffusion) |
The process by which elements of culture are first taken up by neighboring societies and then gradually spread farther and farther |
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Intermediate contact |
The process in which third parties, most often traders, carry a cultural trait or element from a society originating it to another group receiving it |
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Stimulus diffusion |
The process by which knowledge of a trait belonging to another culture stimulates the invention or development of a local equivalent |
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Acculturation |
The process of extensive borrowing in the context of superordinate-subordinate relations between societies. This borrowing is under external pressures which could take several forms... |
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Acculturation |
The process of extensive borrowing in the context of superordinate-subordinate relations between societies. This borrowing is under external pressures which could take several forms... |
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Acculturation |
A) the dominant group may use direct force B) the dominant group may use indirect force C) the dominant group may acculturate a dominated society to enjoy more secure living |
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Rebellion and revolt (Sources of social/cultural change) |
One of the most drastic and rapid (relative to others) way a culture can change is as a result of violent replacement of society's rulers. The source of rebellion and revolt could be mostly internal or partly external. - quickest way by which culture |
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Rebellion and revolt (Sources of social/cultural change) |
One of the most drastic and rapid (relative to others) way a culture can change is as a result of violent replacement of society's rulers. The source of rebellion and revolt could be mostly internal or partly external. - quickest way by which culture |
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The physical environment (Sources of social/cultural change) |
Should the environment change for any reason, people must also adapt to a new environment to achieve a working relationship with their environment. Two adaptive mechanisms are: A) social organization and B) technology |
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Rebellion and revolt (Sources of social/cultural change) |
One of the most drastic and rapid (relative to others) way a culture can change is as a result of violent replacement of society's rulers. The source of rebellion and revolt could be mostly internal or partly external. - quickest way by which culture |
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The physical environment (Sources of social/cultural change) |
Should the environment change for any reason, people must also adapt to a new environment to achieve a working relationship with their environment. Two adaptive mechanisms are: A) social organization and B) technology |
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Ecology (the physical environment) |
The scientific study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment |
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Rebellion and revolt (Sources of social/cultural change) |
One of the most drastic and rapid (relative to others) way a culture can change is as a result of violent replacement of society's rulers. The source of rebellion and revolt could be mostly internal or partly external. - quickest way by which culture |
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The physical environment (Sources of social/cultural change) |
Should the environment change for any reason, people must also adapt to a new environment to achieve a working relationship with their environment. Two adaptive mechanisms are: A) social organization and B) technology |
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Ecology (the physical environment) |
The scientific study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment |
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Science (the physical environment) |
The systematic pursuit of reliable knowledge about natural phenomena and the social world |
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Rebellion and revolt (Sources of social/cultural change) |
One of the most drastic and rapid (relative to others) way a culture can change is as a result of violent replacement of society's rulers. The source of rebellion and revolt could be mostly internal or partly external. - quickest way by which culture |
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The physical environment (Sources of social/cultural change) |
Should the environment change for any reason, people must also adapt to a new environment to achieve a working relationship with their environment. Two adaptive mechanisms are: A) social organization and B) technology |
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Ecology (the physical environment) |
The scientific study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment |
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Science (the physical environment) |
The systematic pursuit of reliable knowledge about natural phenomena and the social world |
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Technology (the physical environment) |
The application of knowledge, scientific or otherwise, to the solution of a practical problem |
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Commercialization (source of social/cultural change) |
A source of social change which results from the expansion of western societies and an increasing dependence of all parts of the world on commercial exchange |
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Commercialization (source of social/cultural change) |
A source of social change which results from the expansion of western societies and an increasing dependence of all parts of the world on commercial exchange |
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Commercialization occurs when |
1. Members of a community become migratory workers, traveling to a place nearby that offers possibility of working for wages 2. A self sufficient hunting or agricultural society depends on trading for its livelihood 3. Those cultivating the soil produce a surplus over and above their subsistence requirements which is then sold for cash. This cash income must be used to pay for labor and tools |
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Population (source of social/cultural change) |
Changes in size, composition, distribution, and change of a population also affect culture and social structure -fertility (birth) -mortality (death) - migration |
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Specific food taboo |
Cultural prohibitions that prevent specific segments of population from consumption of certain food items in that society -cultural universal but different in other societies |
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Specific food taboo |
Cultural prohibitions that prevent specific segments of population from consumption of certain food items in that society -cultural universal but different in other societies |
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General food taboo |
Cultural prohibitions that prevent an entire population from consuming certain food items in that society -cultural universal but different in other societies -can be permanent or temporary |
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Cognition |
The act or process of knowing, including both judgement and awareness, the mental process by which human begins gain knowledge -culturally constructed |
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Linguistic competence (Chomsky) |
The mastery of adult grammar |
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Communicative (hymes) |
The mastery of adult rules for socially and culturally appropriate speech |
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Symbolic annihilation |
Symbolically ignoring, trivializing, and demeaning a particular group of people in a society |
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Symbolic annihilation |
Symbolically ignoring, trivializing, and demeaning a particular group of people in a society |
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Enculturation=socialization |
The lifelong process by which we learn and generally accept the values, norms, beliefs, and behavior of a particular group or society. -link that connects you to society. Learned -infancy-old age -components of life cycle -focused/profound -impact as a child |
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Agents of socialization (enculturation) |
Any person or social institution that shapes and influences a person's values and behaviors -culture universal .. generally teach -formal or informal depends on society -6 social institutions |
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Anticipatory socialization |
The process by which we learn about the future social roles and statuses before we actually enter them -depends on quality -anticipate what will be expected |
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Resocialization (re-enculturation) |
The process of unlearning the old values, norms, and beliefs, and relearning new ones in a new social environment |
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Resocialization (re-enculturation) |
The process of unlearning the old values, norms, and beliefs, and relearning new ones in a new social environment |
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Folklore |
The broad category of myths, legends, folktales, ballads, riddles, proverbs, and superstitions of a cultural group in a society |
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Transformation representation (alland) |
The process in which experience is transformed as it represented symbolically in a different medium |
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Art |
Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation -visual, oral |
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Art |
Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation -visual, oral |
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Reflexivity |
Deep thinking about the way one thinks; reflecting on ones own experience -"we are pressed for time... who has time to rhink" |
