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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Culture |
Way of life a group of people has believes values and behaviors |
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Anthropology |
Study of human species and sociocultural immediate ancestors |
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Socio-cultural |
Subfield of anthropology study of human society and culture |
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Ethnography |
. Field work based account of a certain community culture |
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Ethnology |
Examines analyzes interprets results of ethnography |
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Archaeological |
Subfield of anthropology. Reconstructs describes interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains |
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Biological |
Subfield of anthropology. Examines human and nonhuman primate biological diversity |
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Pateanthropogy |
Examines fossil record of human evolution |
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Linguistc |
Sub field of anthropology Analysis of language in its social and cultural context |
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Unilinear evolution |
Lewis Henry Morgan, why there's a difference in human groups. Savagery, barbarianism, civilization.
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Multicultural evolution |
Julian steward Given similar conditions cultures can develop independently among similar lines. |
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Independent invention |
Humans innovate creatively finding solutions to problems |
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Survivals |
Customs that lost function but are carried onto a later evolutionary stage basically by force or habit |
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Diffusion (traits spread) |
Borrowing one's culture trait as a result of contact |
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Enculturation |
Process by which child learns their culture Shared the not all practiced Symbol |
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Ethnographic method |
Documentation of living cultures relying on various data collecting techniques |
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Emic approach |
Native: investigates how local people think |
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Etic appraoch |
Science: shifts focus from the local observations categories interpretations of anthropologist |
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Salvage ethnigraphy |
Study and record existing cultural diversity that's threatened by westernization |
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Ethnographic present |
Arbitrary time when process of cultural change is ignored in order to describe given culture as if stable system |
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Problem oriented ethnography |
Modern ethnographers tend to investigate specific cultural elements and collect data relevant to that problem |
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Longitudinal research |
Long time study of community covenant region, society, culture, or other unit. Modern ethnographies acknowledge upside influence |
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Kinesics |
Study of communication through body movements stances gestures and facial expression |
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Saphir-Whorf hypothesis |
Grammatical categories of certain languages leads their speakers to think/perceived in different ways |
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Productivity |
Use rule of language to produce new expression |
Primate "finger bracelet" |
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Displacement |
Communication about things not present or currently happening |
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Chomsky Universal grammar |
All languages have common structural basis. Humans have similar linguistic abilities and thought processes. Where customs |
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Queer Customs |
Culture is a total way of life of the people. Not just being familiar with history literature etc. can't be explained biologically |
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Dispute in Donggo |
Dou Donggo- ppl who live in highland Indonesia Rice farmer Concept of justice? Woman accused Man of abuse Confessed to village elders Had actually been seen w. Engaged woman |
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Five man |
A society's system of economic production -foraging, agriculture, industrialism, horticulture, Pastoralism |
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Foraging |
Subsistive pattern based on harvesting naturally occurring plants and animals by hunting gathering fishing Still practiced primarily in environment unfavorable to food production |
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Horticulture |
Shifting cultivation Small scale cultivation utilizing simple tools and no irrigation |
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Slam & burn horticulture |
Technical process land is cleared and burn to enrich soil for planting |
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(Intensive) agriculture |
Large scale cultivation of area categorized by use of plow and draft animals and by more effective techniques of water and soil control |
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Landscape modification |
Irrigation, terracing |
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Mode of production |
Way of organizing production Capitalist Tributary kinship |
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Capitalist mode of production |
Money buys labor with a social gap between management and labor |
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Tributary mode of production |
Producer have access to means of production |
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Kinship mode of production |
Labor provided as social obligation |
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Non industrial societies |
Access to both land and labor vines through social links with manufacturing often linked to age and gender |
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Non industrial societies |
Access to both land and labor through social links with manufacturing often linked to age and gender |
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Industrial nations |
Individuals of same age and gender may specialize in different things |
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American economist assume... |
Individuals strive to maximize profit (profit motive ) |
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Economizing & maximizing Anthropologists demonstrate that people... |
Aren't always motivated to maximize profit Ppl may try to maximize profit, wealth,prestige,pleasure, comfort, or social harmony |
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Anthology today ch5 |
Scarcity and belsileo Concept of scarcity Is a variable -1960s rice farmers believed they had all they needed -2006 with larger population and growth of cash economy They began harvesting rice & carrots, cattle rustling digging for tourmalines |
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The Tractor Invasion |
Cerrado Savanna Brazil -home to 9 xavante communities -reservations don't provide for traditional activities :guava fruit becoming rare -Clearing forests, ranching,& construction of grain storage facilities & infrastructure -rice & now soybean & sugarcane production replacing traditional livelihoods |
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3 Types of Exchange (One usually dominates) |
Market principle Redistribution Reciprocity |
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Market principle |
In capitalist economy:governs distribution of means of production -law of supply and demand -based on standard value |
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Redistribution |
Goods like food are concentrated & then given out under control of central political authority |
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Reciprocity |
Value of gifts isn't calculated nor is time of repayment specified - |
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Balanced reciprocity |
Giving and receiving specific to value of goods & find of their delivery -between people who are more distantly related |
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Negative reciprocity |
Party attempted to get something for as little as possible using decide met -between people who are strangers or enemies |
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Power |
Ability to exercise ones will over others |
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Power |
Ability to exercise ones will over others |
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Sociopolitical organization |
Power Influence with potential threat or force Authority |
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Authority |
Approved use of power accepted by members of community |
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Sociopolitical regulation |
Decision making Dispute management/conflict resolution Formal leaders/ policies |
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Elman Service |
Four levels of political organizations Bands Tribes Chiefdom State |
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Band |
Small kin based groups found typically among foragers -go over notes for more detail |
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Tribes |
Non intensive food producers horticultural and pastoralists -go over notes for more details |
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Cheifdom |
Kinbased agricultural society with formal political structure and differential access to resources, wealth prestige, & power -go over notes for more details |
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State |
Intensive agricultural-based society with formal government and social stratification |
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State |
Intensive agricultural-based society with formal government and social stratification -go over notes for more details |
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Status |
The position or rank that one occupies in group or society that carries certain role expectation -lack of formalized law & regulations |
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Pastoralism |
Substance pattern where people make a living by trading herds of large animals |
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Pastoralism |
Substance pattern where people make a living by trading herds of large animals |
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Two patterns of movement |
Nomadism: entire group movies with animals throughout year Transumance: @ Least part of group moves seasonally with herds while some people stay at home in village |
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Village head |
Achieved status>earned position -Must be generous cultivates more land than others -Represents village in its relations with outsiders |
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The Big Man (Papupa New Guinea |
-has supporters in several villages -achieved status through wealth, generosity, eloquence, physical fitness, and supernatural powers |
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The Big Man (Papupa New Guinea |
-has supporters in several villages -achieved status through wealth, generosity, eloquence, physical fitness, and supernatural powers |
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Solidalities |
Non-kin-based groups often based on common age or gender that link local groups in tribal societies |
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Pantribal Sodalites |
Extend across whole tribes spanning several villages - have developed in areas of intertribal warfare |
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