Anthropology

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5 fields of anthropology

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-biological(physical) anthro
-archaeology
-linguistics
-ethnology
-applied(practicing) antro

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Father of anthropology

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Franz Boas

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Descriptive linguistics

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focus of linguistics on how contemporary languages differ, esp. in their construction

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applied anthro

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when basic research made by an anthropologist is used to achieve practical goals

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culture

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the total way of life of any society; the set of learned behaviors of ideas

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ethnocentrism

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the attitude that other societies' customs and ideas can be judged in the context of one's own culture

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cultural evolution

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multiple theories from different theorists- Tylor, Darwin, and Morgan; some believe there were steps of progressions humans passed through

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cultural relativism

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the attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be viewed within the context of that society's problems and opportunities

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2 types of cultural constraints

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-direct
-indirect

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Theory

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explanation of laws and statistical associations

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cultural ecology

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the analysis of the relationship between a culture and its environment

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Tsembaga

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example of cultural ecology; live within New Guinea; they mainly eat root crops, but raise pigs to consume garbage and prepare soil, overpopulation of pigs leads to ritual pigs feasts which leads to less conflict

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political economy

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the study of how external forces, particularly powerful state societies, explain the way a society changes and adapts

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Clifford Geertz

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popularized the idea that a culture is like a literary text that can be analyzed for meaning, as the ethnographer interprets it

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2 kinds of explanations

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-associations
-theories

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falsification

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a method that shows that a theory seems to be wrong

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Methods cultural anthropologists use:

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-ethnography
-within-culture comparisons
-regional controlled comparisons
-cross-cultural research
-historical research

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ethnography

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a description and analysis of a single society an anthropologist does after doing fieldwork

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participant observation

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living among the people being studied-observed, questioning, and (when possible) taking part in the important events of the group

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informant

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knowledgeable people who work with anthropologists while in the participant observation process

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regional controlled comparison

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when an anthropologist compares ethnographic info obtained from societies found in a particular region

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within- culture comparison

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when a theory is tested within one society and they compare individuals, families, households, communities, and districts

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Forms of non-verbal human communication

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-facial expression
-body stance
-gesture
-systems of signs and symbols
-silence

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3 types of non-human communication

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-sound
-odor
-body movement

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Difference open and closed systems:

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Open-used amongst humans, complex sound rules, sounds can be combined to make infinite meanings
Closed systems- different sounds are not combined to produce new, meaningful utterances

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phonology

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when slightly varying sounds are often used interchangeably in words without creating a difference in meaning

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morphology

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the study of sequences of sounds that have meaning

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phoneme

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a sound or set of sounds that makes a difference in meaning in that language

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syntax

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the rules that predict how phrases and sentences are generally formed

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morph

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the smallest unit of language that has a meaning

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Linguistic divergence occurs when:

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groups of ppl speaking the same language lose communication with one another b/c they become separated, either physically or socially and they begin to accumulate small changes in phonology, morphology, and syntax

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code switching

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using more than one language in the course of conversing

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Some characteristics of food-getting

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-gathering
-hunting
-scavenging
-fishing

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Food production

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the form of subsistence technology in which food-getting is dependent on the cultivation & domestication of plants & animals

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3 types of food production systems

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-horticulture
-intensive agriculture
-pastoralism

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What type of food production does wet rice cultivation display?

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Located in Khanh Hau; commercialization is the theory of development of food production

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Commercialization

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the increasing dependence on buying and selling with money usually as the medium of exchange

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Basseri

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a tribe of 16,000 nomads who lived in tents; they herded different animals and live in a pastoral system migrating within the territory they live in

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Diffusion

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the process by which cultural elements are borrowed from another society and incorporated into the culture of the recipient group

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neoevolution

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belief that cultural evolution is determined strictly by conditions inside the culture

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post-modernism

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rejects modernism; questions the whole enterprise of ethnography

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role of women

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rarely included until 1960's; studies of women in culture, believe anthropology is another tool used by dominant powers to dehumanize others