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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
world-view
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a generally coherent system of cultural ideas and beliefs about the nature of reality that is shared by the members of a society
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culture
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a society's framework for constructing reality
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epistemology
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the study of how knowledge or information is acquired
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Divination
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the art of foreseeing future events or discovering hidden knowledge through supernatural means
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Symbolic classification
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the way in which a culture organizes knowledge into significant categories
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Values
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Standards of what is good, desirable or correct that are shared by the members of a society
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Peasants
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rural people who produce food for their own subsistence but who must also contribute or sell their surpluses to others who do not produce their own food
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Image of limited good
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a peasant value based on the belief that 1) all of the good things in life are limited in quantity and are always in short supply; 2) there is no way to increase the available quantities of the good things in life; 3) therefore an individual or a family can get more of the good things only at the expense of others
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linguistics
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the scientific study of language
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prescriptive grammar
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artificial rules of "proper" languages as certain people insist it must be used
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Descriptive Grammar
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description of the unconscious rules of a language as it is actually used by native speakers
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structural linguistics
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the study of how languages are constructed
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syntax
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the study of sentence structure
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morphology
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the study of word structure
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phonology
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the study of sound structure
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phoneme
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1) a sound or set of sounds that make a difference in meaning to the speakers of a language; 2) a basic, distinctive unit of speech sound in a language
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semantics
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the study of meaning
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neologism
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a newly coined word of phrase
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historical linguistics
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the study of how languages change over time
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Dialect
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A variety of a language spoken in a particular area or by a particular social group
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Language Family
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a group of languages that are related by a descent from a common ancestor
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protolanguage
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a hypothesized ancestral language from which two or more languages seem to have descended
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cognates
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words belonging to different languages that have similar sounds and meanings because they were related by descent from a common ancestral language
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Sapir-Whort hypothesis
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language is a force in its own right that affects how individuals in a society perceive and conceive reality
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obligatory categories
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categories in a language that force a speaker to make certain choices before he or she can speak a sentence
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magic
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the performance of certain rituals that are believed to compel supernatual powers to act in particular ways
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homeopathic magic
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the attempt to influence people or things based on a mystical connection Frazer called the law similarity-like affect like
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contagious magic
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the attempt to influence people or things based on a mystical connection Frazer called the law of contact- the part affects the whole
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mana
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a supernatural impersonal force that inhabits certain objects or people and is believed to confer success and/or strength
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taboo
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a prohibition that, if violated, is believed to bring supernatural punishment
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Sorcery
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the use of certain materials to invoke supernatural powers to harm people
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witchcraft
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attempting to harm people by supernatural means, but through emotions and thought alone, not through the use of materials
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animism
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1)a term used by Edward Tylor to describe a belief in a dual existence for all things- a physical, visible body and a psychic, invisible soul; 2) the belief that humans, animals, plants, and natural phenomena all have souls
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polytheism
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recognizeing many gods, none of whom is believed to be superordinate
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monotheism
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believing that there is only one high god and that all other supernatural beings are subordinate to, or are alternate manifestations of, this supreme being
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anthropomorphic
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having human physical characteristics
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anthropopsychic
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sharing the traits of human mentality
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anthroposocial
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endorsing the values of human society
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dualistic
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1) isolating the eternal supernatural world from the everyday natural world where humans 2) dividing supernatural beings into those representing absolute good and those representing absolute evil, which are at war
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monistic
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1) believing the natural and supernatural worlds to be geographically joined or connected 2) characterizing all supernatural beings as having both good and evil qualities
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Cosmology
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a culture's theory of the origin aqnd general structure of the universe
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Amulet
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an object, usually worn, thought to possess power to ward off danger or confer some ability
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Shaman
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a master of spirits who makes contact with the supernatural world on behalf of the community through trance or altered consciousness
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priest
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a religious specialist trained in the competent performance of rituals
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trepanning
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surgically opening the skull to drive out evil spirits
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