Anthropology

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Wealth

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ownership of valued material goods

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Power

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ability to have others do what you want based on influence or legitimate authority

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Prestige (Honor)

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social reward: respect, esteem and overt approval of others based on judgements about worthiness

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Inequality

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the degree to which individuals, groups, and categories differ in their access to rewards

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egalitarian society

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-equal access to rewards.
-productive resources open to all; little wealth difference
-influence based on personal qualities
-prestige based on personal achievments
-foraging peoples
-horticultural societies
-economic exchange: reciprocity
ex: Innuit, !Kung, BaMbuti, Aka

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ranked society

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-access to rewards limited by kinship
-productive resources held in common by kin group

-wealth differences between members of kin group

limited number of formal positions w authority, which is inherited and/or achieved w.in kin group

Significant differences in prestige. Inherited and/or acheived w.in kin group

some foraging peoples, some horitcultural and intensive agricultural peoples

economic exchange: redistribution

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stratified society

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a form of society with marked and usually heritable differences in access to wealth, power, and prestige; inequality is based mainly on unequal access to productive and valued resources

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class

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a system of stratification in which membership in a stratum can theoretically be altered and intermarriage between strata is allowed

intensive agricultural and industrial peoples
market economy

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caste

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A system of stratification in which membership in a stratum is in theory herditary

endogamous, contact or relationships between memebrs of different strata are governed by explicit laws, norms, or prohibitions

intensive agricultural peoples
economic exchange: market economy

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income

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the value of what is earned during a given period of time, usually figured on an annual basis

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wealth

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1) ownership of or access to valued material goods and to the natural and human resources needed to produce those goods

2)The total value of all property owned less the amount of debt owed

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prestige

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the respect, esteem, and overt approval other memebres of the group grant to individuals they consider meritorious

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power

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the ability to make others do what you want based on coercion or legitimate authority

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kin group

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a group of people who culturally consider themselves to be relatives, cooperate in certain activites, and share a sense of identity as kinfolk

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nuclear family

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kin group consisting of married parents and unmarried children

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extended household

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a group of related nuclear familes that live together in a single household

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incest taboo

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prohibition against sexual intercourse between certain kinds of relatives

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exogamous rules

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marriage rules that prohibit individuals from marrying a emenr of their own social group or catergory

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endogamous rules

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marriage rules that require individuals to marry some member of their own social group or catergory

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monogamy

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every individual is allowed only one spouse at a time

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polygyny

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one man is allowed multiple wives

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polyandry

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one woman is allowed multiple husbands

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group marriage

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several women anf men are allowed to be married simultaneously to one another

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bridewealth

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the custom in which a prospective groom and his relatives are required to transfer goods to the relatives of the bride to validate the marriage

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brideservice

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the cutom in which a man spends a period of time working for the family of his wife

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dowry

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the custom which the family of a woman transfers property or weath to her upon her marriage

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postmarital residence pattern

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where a newly married couple go to live agter their marriage

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patrilocal residence

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a residence form in which a couple lives with or near the husbands parents

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matrilocal residence

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a residence form in which a couple lives with or near the wife's parents

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ambilocal residence

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a residence form in which a couple chooses to live with either the wife's or the husband's family

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neolocal residence

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a residence form in which a couple establishes a separate household apart gtom both the husband's and wife's parents

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unilineal descent

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descent through one "line" includes matrilineal and patrilineal

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patrilineal descent

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a kinship system in which individuals trace their primary kinship relationships through their fathers

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totemistic rituals

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rituals during which members of a kinship group focus on their totem, a natural object with which they are associated.

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cultural construction of gender

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the idea that the characteristics a people attribute to males and females are cultrually, not biologically detirmined

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gender crossing

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the adoption of social roles and behaviors normativelt appropriate for the opposite biological sex from one's own

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multiple gender identities

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the presence in some cultures of more than two sexes, with the third-and fourth-gender identities ofter called by terms such as "man-woman" and "woman-man"

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gender stratification

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the degree of inequality between males and females based on culturally defined differences between the sexes

may be based on social status or on access to resources, wealth, power, or influence

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simple bands

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autonomous or independent political units, often consisting of little more than an extended family, with informal leadership vested in one of the older family members

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composite bands

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autonomous or independent political units consisting of several extended famililes that live together for most or all of the year

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big men

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political leaders who do not occupy formal offices and whose leadership is based on influence not authority

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influence

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the ability to convince people that they should act as you suggest

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authority

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the recognized right of an indiviual to command another person to act in a particular way; legitimate power