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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Why was Mendel important?
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He developed the idea of particulate inherentence and gene codes for proteins
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Four Contributions of Darwin
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1. Varitation in offspring
2. Not all offspring will survive 3. Survival of the fittest offspring 4. Traits are inherited |
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Adaptation
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If a species has traits that do well in a particular environment (ecological or social) those traits will be selected for, and this species will become adapted to that environment.
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Ultimate
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Evolution and genes
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Proximate
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Cues
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Locus
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A place on a chromosone for a gene
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Allele
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Versions of a gene
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Mitosis
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Each chromosome doubles, and puts IDENTICAL halves into each new cell
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Meiosis
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Each chromosome doubles, but then matched pairs separate into two cells- these are NOT identical. Then the two copies separate into two cells to make a haploid cell.
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Who is Carl Sagan
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Devised a calendar that condenses the 15 billion year history of the universe into a single year.
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Plato and Aristotle's thoughts on evolution...
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Animals and plants form a single, graded contiuum going from perfection to less perfection.
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Chain of Being
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A chain that links everything from the supreme being down to the lowleist creature.
Extra: Species cannot become extinct in chain of being. |
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System Naturae
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Carolus Linnaues' hierarchical classification scheme, in descending order going from kingdom to class, order, genus, and species, provided framework for the idea that humans, apes, and monkeys had a common ancestor.
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck
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Acquired characteristics could be inherited and therefore a species could evolve.
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Georges Cuvier
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Leading opponent of evolution.
Catastrophism instead. |
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Catastrophism
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A quick series of catastrophes accounted for changes in the earth and fossil record.
EX: Biblical Noah's Flood |
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Uniformitarianism
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Suggests the Earth is constantly being shaped and reshaped by natural forces that have operated over fast stretch of time.
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Natural Selection
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The process that increases the frequency of adaptive traits through time.
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Three Conditions of Natural Selection
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Variation
Heritability Differential Reproductive Success |
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Developers of Punctuated Equilibrium (2)
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Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould.
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Genetic Drift
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Changes in frequencies of neutral traits may result from random processes that affect gene frequencies in isolated populations
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Gene Flow
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Changes in frequencies of neutral traits may result from matings between populations.
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Particular Environment referes to the idea that...
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We cannot say that one species adapted to its partiuclar environment "Better" than another species adapted to a different environment.
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Gradualism
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The view of evolution supported by the idea of modern synthesis.
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Modern Synthesis
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Speciation occurs when subpopulations would become isolated by geographic barriers or when different subpopulations encountered niches
->Results in development of reproductive isolation -> New Species! |
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Developers of Modern Synthesis
(4) |
Theodosius Dobzhansky, Julian Huxley, Ernst Mayr, George Simpson
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Punctuated Equilibrium
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New species evolve quickly, but once a successful species emerges, its characteristics are likely to change little over long periods of time
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Genetic Drift
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Changes in frequencies of neutral traits may result from random processes that affect gene frequencies in isolated populations
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Gene Flow
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Changes in frequencies of neutral traits may result from matings between populations.
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Particular Environment refers to the idea that...
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We cannot say that one species adapted to its partiuclar environment "Better" than another species adapted to a different environment.
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Gradualism
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The view of evolution supported by the idea of modern synthesis.
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Modern Synthesis
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Speciation occurs when subpopulations would become isolated by geographic barriers or when different subpopulations encountered niches
->Results in development of reproductive isolation -> New Species! |
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Directional Selection
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A particular trait is positively favored and the average value shifts over time toward the adaptive trait.
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Developers of Modern Synthesis
(4) |
Theodosius Dobzhansky, Julian Huxley, Ernst Mayr, George Simpson
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HBD Kettlewell
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Moths in Britain
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Gradualism
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The view of evolution supported by the idea of modern synthesis.
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Modern synthesis postulates that...
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Speciation occurs when subpopulations would become isolated by geographic barriers or when different subpopulations encountered niches
->Results in development of reproductive isolation -> New Species! |
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Directional Selection
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A particular trait is positively favored and the average value shifts over time toward the adaptive trait.
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Normalizing Selection
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The average value does not change, but natural selection removes the extremes.
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Wright Effect
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Another term for genetic drift
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Founder Principle
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Small group recently derived from larger pop. migrates to isolation
->if a particular gene is absent just by chance in the migrant group ->descendants unlikely to carry gene. |
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Genetic drift and natural selection > or < differences between populations in different environments
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Genetic drift and natural selection INCREASE these differences
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Gene flow < or > differences between populations in different environments
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Gene flow DECREASES these differences.
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Cline
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Variation in gene frequency between the peoples of one region and the peoples of another
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Altruism (Self-Sacrificing Behavior)
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A behavior that has a fitness cost to the individual exhibiting the behavior and a fitness benefit to the recipient of the behavior.
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Hamilton's Rule
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Br>C
B: Fitness Benefit to recipient C: Fitness cost of altruistic act r: coefficient of relatedness |
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Kin Selection
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Natural selection that acts through benefit to relatives.
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Reciprocal Altruism
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Exchange of fitness benefits that are separated in time.
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WD Hamilton
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Genetic basis for the existence of kin selection.
Development of a gene-centric view of evolution. Forerunner of sociobiology |