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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biological Anthropology |
also known as physical anthropology; human biology from the evolutionary standpoint and the interaction between biology and evolution |
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Anthropology |
study of humans and human diversity from comparative perspective |
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Four-field Approach |
social/cultural, biological, linguistic, archeology |
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Evolution |
a change in the genetic structure of a population |
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Macro and microevolution |
macro- occur after many generations of new species micro- small genetic change that occurs within species |
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Scientific Method |
observe, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion, refine hypothesis, and start over |
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Carolus Linnaeus and Binomial Nomenclature |
laid the foundation for the the modern biological naming scheme of binomial nomenclature
formal system of naming species by giving each a name consisting of two parts (genus in which the species belongs followed by the species within the genus) |
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Taxonomy |
the branch of science concerned with classification |
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Locus |
location of gene on chromosome |
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Gene |
segment of DNA molecule that code for molecular structure of proteins |
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Allete |
alternate forms of same gene at some locus on homologous chromosomes that influence same trait, but may produce slightly different forms of same product |
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Chromosome |
long string of DNA and proteins that are found in the nucleus of cell |
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Autosomes |
all chromosomes except for the sexual ones (22 pairs) |
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Sex Chromosomes |
in mammals they are the X and Y chromosome (1 pair) |
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Mitosis (Somatic Cells) |
cell division in somatic cells that occurs during growth and repair and replacement of tissues
the result is two identical daughter cells that are genetically identical to original |
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Meiosis (Gemete Cells) |
occurs only in sex cells for reproduction
the result is four daughter cells, each one half original cell's genetic material |
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Somatic Cells |
cells that are NOT involved in reproduction |
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Gametes |
reproductive cells (egg and sperm) |
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Proteins |
chains of amino acids |
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Amino Acids |
molecules associated with DNA triplets, also known as the building blocks of proteins |
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DNA |
sequence of three base pairs called a triplet that specifies an amino acid |
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Mutations |
change in DNA codon and the transcription codes for a different amino acid
caused by basic mechanical errors during replication |
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Homozygous |
same allele at the same locus on both pairs |
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Heterozygous |
different allele at the same locus on both pairs |
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Dominant Trait |
controlled by allele that is expressed even in pre scene of different allele (heterozygous and uppercase) |
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Recessive Trait |
not expressed in heterozygous, only in individual with two same allele (homozygous and lowercase) |
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Polygenic Inheritance |
traits influence by genes at two or more loci |
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Gene Flow |
mixing of genes between two populations
may introduce new traits to a population |
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Genetic Drift |
changes in allele frequency due to random chance
more impactful in small population
traits lost |
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Huntington's Disease of Chorea |
hereditary disease marked by degeneration of brain cells and causing chorea and progressive dementia
chorea are jerky movements
caused by inherited defect in a single gene |
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Genotype |
individuals actual genetic makeup |
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Phenotype |
observed physical manifestations of genes |
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Founder's Effect |
the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population |
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Deep Time |
a multimillion year time frame within which scientists believe the earth has existed, and which is supported by the observation of natural, mostly geological phenomena |
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Great Chain of Being |
hierarchy of species with the human on top
middle ages is was enforced by the church which stifled scientific growth |
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Thomas Malthus |
tendency for animal population to increase while pool of resources were stable
population held in check by resourced availability (form of carrying capacity)
competition ensues for limited resources |
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Galapagos Tortoises |
drier islands: saddleback shells give them more range of motion to reach trees because there is a lack of shrubbery on the ground
lush, grassy islands: domed shell because there is plentiful grass and they do not need to reach high up |
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Codon |
sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis |
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Protein Synthesis |
a process by which individual amino acids are connected to each other in a specific order dictated by the nucleotide sequence in DNA |
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Transcription |
first step of gene expression in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the RNA enzyme
unzip DNA helix uncoupled basis in DNA attract complimentary free-floating RNA (A,U,G,C) |
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mRNA |
messenger RNA
convey genetic information from DNA to ribosome where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression |
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Nucleus |
dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material |
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Eukaryotic Cell |
organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes |
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Prokaryotic Cell |
single-celled organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelles |
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Principle of Segregation |
describes how pairs of gene variants are separated into reproductive cells |
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Translation |
final step on the way from DNA to protein, synthesis of proteins directed by a mRNA template
the information contained in the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA is read as three letter words (triplets) called codons |
