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41 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Band
fairly small, usu nomadic local group that is politically autonomous
Chiefdom
political unit, chief at head, integrating more than one community but not necessarily the whole society or language group
Tribe
territorial population in which there are kin or nonkin groups with representatives in a number of local groups
State
autonomous political unit with centralized decision making over many communities with power to govern by force (texes, draft, make laws). Most have cities with public buildings, full time craft and religious specialists. an "official" art style, a hierarchical social structure topped byu an elite class, and a gov'tal monopolu on the legit use of force to implement policies
Warfare
violence between political entities such as communities, districts, or nations
Class
category of people who have about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige
class societies
societies containing social groups that have unequal access to economic resources, power, and prestige
Clines (see human variation)
gradual increasing or decreasing frequency of a gene from one end of a region to another; study of how and why contemporary human populations vary biologically
Ethnicity
group of ppl emphasizing common orogins and language, shared history, and selected aspects of cultural difference such as a difference in religion. Varies based on who is defining it, inside or outside the group.
Caste
ranked group, often associated with a certain occupation--membership is determined at birth and marriage is restricted to members of one's own caste.
Power
ability to make ppl do what they do not want to do or influence based on the threat of force
Prestige
Being accorded particular respect or honor
Race/racism
subpopulation or variety of a species. All can reproduce and have viable offspring. belief, w/o scientific basis, that some
"races" are inferior to others
Egalitarian societies
all ppl of a given age-sex category have equal access to economic resources, power, and prestige
Rank societies
≠ have any unequal access to economic resources or power, but with social groups that have unequal access to status positions and prestige
Gender differences
dif btw males and females that reflect cultural expectations and experiences
Matrilineal descent
affiliates individuals with kin of both sexes related to them through women only
Lineage
set of kind whose members trace descent from a common ancestor through known links
Rules of descent
connect individuals with particular sets of kin bc of known or presumed common ancestry
Exogomy
rule specifying marriage to a person from outside one's own group (kin or community)
Polyandry
marriage of woman to more than one man at a time
polygamy
plural marriage; one individual is married to to more than one spouse simultaneously (polygyny and polyandry)
neolocal residence
married couple lives separately from both the kin of both spouses
patrilocal residence
married couple lives with or near husband's parents
bride service
work performed by the groom for the bride's family for a variable length of time either before or after the marriage
sex differences
typical differences btw females and males that are most likely due to biological differences
patrilineal descent
affiliates individuals with kin of both sexes related to them through men only
unilineal descent
affiliation with a group of kin through descent links of one sex only
ego
in the reckoning of kinship, the reference point or focal person
endogamy
have to marry someone in your group (kin, caste, community)
monogamy
marriage between only one man and only one woman at a time
polygyny
marriage of one man to more than one woman at a time
marriage
socially approved sexual and economic union, usu btw a man and a woman, that is presumed, both by the couple and by others, to be more or less permanent, and that subsumes reciprocal rights and obligations btw the two spouses and their future children
matrilocal residence
married couple lives with or near wife's parents
Bride price, bride wealth
substantial gift of goods or money given to a bride's kin by the groom or his kin at or before marriage
nuclear family
married couple and young children
Ascribed statuses
ones in which we have little choice (e.g., age, sex, family of birth).
Achieved statuses
attained during one’s lifetime and generally tied to our actions.
Egalitarian
ocieties with as many positions of social status as persons to fill them within a particular age/sex group (e.g., food collectors and horticulturalists).
Inegalitarian
stratified (tiered) societies with fewer status positions than persons able to fill them (e.g., ranked, class, and caste systems).
social identities
an aspect of self that makes a difference in how one's rights and duties distribute to specific others