Anthropology 1000 Quiz 1

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Holistic

Back 1

multifaceted (study of humans...environment, family, language, religion, art,dress, etc.)

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Biological anth

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human paleontology, aka paleoanthropology=emergence of humans and their later varation;
human variation=how and why contemporary populations vary biologically

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primatology

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study of primates

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hypothesis

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a testable proposition about a natural phenomenon; predictions of what might be found

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primates

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our closest mammal relative (prosimians, monkeys, apes)

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explanation

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answer to "why" questions

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statistical association

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observed relationship is unlikely to be due to chance

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variables

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things or quantities that vary

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evolution

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change (social or biological)

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paleoanthropology, human paleontology

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emergence of humans and their later evolution

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anthropology

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holistic study of humans, all people, all periods, traits, customs

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falsification

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shows that a theory seems to be wrong

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primatologists

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scientists who study primates

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theory

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explanation of laws and statistical associations

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How does anth differ from other fields of study?

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all varieties of people, not just ones nearby; all periods; holistic

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major subfields of anth

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biological and cultural

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adaptive

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(advantageous) result in greater reproductive success in a particular environment

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deduction

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hypothesis generated before data are collected, then test

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induction

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data about subject are freely collected with no preconceived ideas; data then used to generate an hypothesis

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How does the scientific method work?

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-make observations about something tangible
-hypothesis
-test
-analyze
-propose and test hypothesis if necessary

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chromosome

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paired rod-shaped structures w/in a cell nucleus containing the genes that transmit traits from one generation to the next

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phenotype

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observable physical appearance of organism

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genus

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group of related species

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mutation

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change in DNA, producing altered gene

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genetic drift

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various random processes that affect gene frequencies in small, relatively isolated populations

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Charles Darwin

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English naturalist, HMS Beagle, suggested natural selection

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HMS Beagle

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Darwin's boat he traveled the world in collecting info

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Jean Baptist Lamarck

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Law of inheritance and acquired characteristics; individuals respond to environment

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Georges du Buffon

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life is disorderly and chaotic; recognized relationship between environment and living forms; change during lifetime; fixity of species

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allele

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one member of a pair of genes

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genotype

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total complement of inherited traits or genes of an organism

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Cline

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gradually increasing (or decreasing) frequency of a gene from one end of a region to another

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species and speciation

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species: population that consists of organisms able to interbreed and produce viable and fertile offspring; speciation: development of new species

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Gene flow

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mating btw populations

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natural selection

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outcome of processes that affect the frequencies of traits in a particular environment--traits enhance survival and reproductive success increase in frequency over time

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DNA

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DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID; 2-stranded molecule in the genes that directs the makeup of an organism according to the instructions in its genetic code

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Carolus Linnaeus

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taxonomy of living species; structure and form; fixity of species; classification and nomenclature

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taxonomy (system of relationships)

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classification of organisms

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key points in Darwinian evolution

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-more offspring born than can survive
-offspring exhibit variation (not all same, but resemble parent generation)
-some variations better suited for survival
-competition btw offspring over limited resources-->differential survival (and later reproduction) in favor of better suited
-changes in species happen at slow and gradual rate (transitional forms)

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anthropoid

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one of two suborders of primates; includes monkeys, apes, humans

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hominoid

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group of catarrhines that includes both apes and humans

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bipedalism

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animal walks on 2 hind legs

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arboreal

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adapted to living in trees

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terrestrial

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adapted to living on the ground

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quadrupeds

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animals that walk on all 4s

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diastema

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gap between the canine and first premolar found in apes

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opposable thumbs

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thumb that can touch the tips of all the other fingers

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sexual dimorphism

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marked difference in size and appearance btw males and females of a species

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prosimian

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literally "pre-monkey" one of the 2 suborders of primates; lemurs, lorises, tarsiers

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hominids

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the group of hominoids consisting of humans and their direct ancestors. contains at least 2 genera: Homo and Australopithecus

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brachiation

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swinging through trees hand to hand

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insectivores

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mammals who are adapted to eat insects...moles and shrews

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prehensile

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adapted for grasping objects

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omnivore

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eat both vegetation and meat

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diurnal

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Active during the day

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nocturnal

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Active during the night