Anthrop Exam 2

Front 1

foraging
hunting/gathering

Back 1

collection/gathering of wild plants; hunting of animals; sometimes fishing
small mobile bands
division of labor based on sex and age

Front 2

horticulture

Back 2

cultivation of crops using hand tools and mainly human muscle power
villages of 100 or more
little specialization and inequality

Front 3

intensive agriculture

Back 3

cultivation of crops with animal-powered plows or other means of using land intensively

Front 4

shifting cultivation/
slash and burn

Back 4

characterized by cycles of cultivation and fallow periods... 1. Trees and brush are burned so that the soil is fertilized by the ash 2. Fields are then planted (used for 2-3 years) 3. Then allowed to lay fallow and regenerate for about 10 years while the farmer moves on to another field

Front 5

domestication

Back 5

intentional planting/cultivation of selected plants
the taming/breeding of certain livestock

Front 6

pastoralism

Back 6

tending of livestock that provide products to eat, trade, and sell
seasonally nomadic, size varies, wealth measured by size of herd
differentiation based on age, sex and hereditary distinctions

Front 7

nomadism

Back 7

seasonal mobility, often involving migration to high altitude areas during the hottest and driest parts of the year

Front 8

demographic transition

Back 8

stage 1: births = deaths
stage 2: births > deaths
stage 3: births = deaths again

Front 9

balanced reciprocity

Back 9

obligation of eventual return
more distant relatives of same socioeconomic status or formal trading partners

Front 10

generalized reciprocity

Back 10

informal
no accounts
no expectations
eventually evens out

Front 11

negative reciprocity

Back 11

something for nothing, or for as little as possible without suffering any penalties

Front 12

redistribution

Back 12

collection of products by central authority, followed by distribution according to some normative/legal principle
ex: taxes

Front 13

Kula Ring

Back 13

ceremonial exhange, necklaces and armbands, make trading expedtion to other areas
balanced reciprocity: given as a gift but expect a gift later on

Front 14

market exchange

Back 14

free exchange of products or services for money at prices determined by impersonal forces of supply and demand
requires: money, price, supply and demand, private property
free market: no 3rd party sets price

Front 15

group marriage

Back 15

several woman and several men are married to each other simultaneously

Front 16

affines

Back 16

in-laws; people related by marriage

Front 17

consanguine

Back 17

blood relatives; people related by birth

Front 18

marriage

Back 18

culturally defined relationship betwn man and woman from different families
regulates sexual activity, provides for reproduction, gain certain rights, social bonds formed btwn families

Front 19

nuclear family

Back 19

married couple + unmarried kids

Front 20

polygamy

Back 20

multiple spouses

Front 21

polygyny

Back 21

1 man + multiple wives
status based on size of family, # of wives/children

Front 22

polyandry

Back 22

1 woman + multiple husbands
very rare, female infanticide responsible for creating a shortage of adult women

Front 23

matrilineal

Back 23

form of descent in which you trace primary kinship relationships through the mother

Front 24

patrilineal

Back 24

form of descent in which you trace primary kinship relationships through the father

Front 25

kin group

Back 25

group of people who culturally conceive themselves to be relatives, cooperate in certain activities and share a sense of identity as kinfolk

Front 26

patrilocal

Back 26

residence form in which couples live with or near the husband's parents

Front 27

matrilocal

Back 27

residence form in which couples live with or near the wife's parents

Front 28

neolocal

Back 28

residence form in which a couple establishes a separate household apart from both the husband's and wife's parents

Front 29

bridewealth

Back 29

groom's relatives transfers wealth to bride's family, children impt to contract

Front 30

dowry

Back 30

bride's relatives transfer wealth or property to their daughter and her husband

Front 31

brideservice

Back 31

the groom is required to spend a period of time working for the bride's family

Front 32

female exchange

Back 32

•Exchange of females – sister or female relative of groom exchanged for bride
•Found among Tiv, Yanomamo – high contribution of women to primary subsistence –horticulturalists

Front 33

clan

Back 33

a named unilineal descent group, some of whose members are unable to trace how they are related, but who still believe themselves to be kinfolk

Front 34

lineage

Back 34

a unilineal descent group larger than an extended family whose members can actually trace how they are related

Front 35

levirate

Back 35

custom whereby a widow marries a male relative (usually brother) of her deceased husband

Front 36

sororate

Back 36

custom whereby a widower marries a female relative of his deceased wife

Front 37

household

Back 37

a group that lives together, shares wealth and property, provide emotional support
primary goal: nurturing and enculturing kids

Front 38

serial monogamy

Back 38

really referring to monogamy, as far as we briefly discussed in class, but for reference implies that persons are required to be monogamous but may change spouses repeatedly, a practice sometimes called serial monogamy...a succession of short monogamous relationships (as by someone who undergoes multiple divorces).

Front 39

extended family

Back 39

distant relatives---different for everyone!