Anthro1 Midterm 2 (Lecturenotes Quiz) 3

Front 1

Foot Anatomy

Pongids,
Humans,
Functional Significance in Humans

Back 1

Pongids:
Flat, flexible, no arch. Hallux (big toe) opposable. Lateral toes long.

Humans:
Rigid with longitudinal arch. Hallux non-opposable, in line with rest of toes. lateral toes short.

Significance:
Big toe thickened for better propulsion. Toes are not curled for better running. Arch helps absorb shock. Short toes help to run better.

Front 2

Hand Anatomy

Pongids,
Humans,
Functional Significance in Humans

Back 2

Pongids:
Elongated hand/fingers but short thumb.

Humans:
Thumbs and rest of fingers of balanced proportion

Significance:
Long thumb for precision group, short finger for better hand skills

Front 3

Knee Anatomy

Pongids,
Humans,
Functional Significance in Humans

Back 3

Pongids:
Femur orientated vertically. Lateral condyle of distal femur round in side (lateral) view. Lateral lip of distal femur lacking.

Humans:
Femur angles inwards toward knee. Lateral condyle of distal femur elliptical in side (lateral) view. Lateral dip of distal femur well-developed.

Significance:
Bones angled help put center of gravity in a better position, so you wobble less. Patella lip produced so your knee doesn't slip out. Increased surface are to reduce joint damage.

Front 4

Hip Anatomy

Pongids,
Humans,
Functional Significance in Humans

Back 4

Pongids:
Sacro-iliac joint distant from hip joint. Ilium long and narrow, facing backwards. Gluteal muscles rotate and extend.

Humans:
Sacro-iliac joint closer to hip joint. Ilium short and broad, flares and faces sideways. Gluteal muscles primarily abduct.

Significance:
Less body above increases stability and better locomotion.

Front 5

Skull Anatomy

Pongids,
Humans,
Functional Significance in Humans

Back 5

Pongids:
Large face, small braincase. Nuchal plane large, faces backwards.

Humans:
Small face, Large braincase, Nuchal plan small, faces downwards.

Significance:
Hole at bottom to balance on spine. Reduce face size allows less weight and better balance. Larger braincase for larger brain.

Front 6

Dental Anatomy

Pongids,
Humans,
Functional Significance in Humans

Back 6

Pongids:
C/P3 honing complex (protruding canines, sectorial P3, diastema) Incisors relatively large. Dental arcade u-shaped.

Humans:
C/P3 honing complex absent. Incisors relatively small. Dental arcade parabolic.

Significance:
Dental arcade parabolic because small face size.

Front 7

Mode of Locomotion

Pongids,
Humans,
Significance in Humans

Back 7

Pongids:
Brachiation+Quadrupedal
Knuckle or Fist-walking

Humans:
Bipedal locomotion

Significance:
Bipedal may have arised as a way to be able to produce more offspring in shorter intervals. This slowed down movement, which led to increase in grouping.