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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Aurignacian
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Pertaining to an Upper Paleolithic stone tool industry in Europe beginning at about 40,000 y.a.
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Magdalenian
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Pertaining to the final phase of the Upper Paleolithic stone tool industry in Europe
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Burins
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Small, chisel-like tools thought to have been used to engrave bone, antler, ivory, or wood
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Growth
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Increase in mass or number of cells
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Development
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Differentiation of cells into different types of tissues and their maturation
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adolescent growth spurt
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The period during adolescence when well nourished teens typically increase in stature at greater rates than in other times in life cycle
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essential amino acids
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the 9 amino acids that must be obtained from the food that we eat because they are not synthesized in the body in sufficient amounts
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menarche
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the first menstruation in girls usually occurring in the early to mid teens
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Menopause
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the end of menstruation in human women usually occurring around 50
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senescence
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the process of physiological decline in body function that occurs with aging
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pleiotropic genes
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genes that have more than one effect
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civilization
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the larger social order that includes states related by language, traditions, history, economic ties and other shared cultural aspects
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catalhoyuk
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a large early neolithic site in souther turkey
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tells
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mounds of accumulated rubble representing the site of an ancient city
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social stratification
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class structure or hierarchy, usually based on political, economic, or social standing
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shamanism
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traditional practices that mediate between the world of humans and the world of spirits
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mesopotamia
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land between the tigris and euphrates rivers, mostly included in modern day iraq
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ubaid
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early formative culture of mesopotamia, 7,500-6,200 y.a.
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city-states
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an urban center and its supporting territory that forms and autonomous sociopolitical unit
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ziggurat
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late sumerian mud-brick temple-pyramid
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cuneiform
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wedge-shaped writing of acient mesopotamia
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Gilgamesh
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semi legendary king and culture hero of early Uruk
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territorial state
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a form of state political organization with multiple administrative centers and one or more capitals
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Hammurabi
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early Babylonian king ca 1800-1750
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nebuchadnezaar
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late Babylonian king ca 605-562
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pharaoh
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title of the king or ruler of ancient Egypt
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stimulus diffusion
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in the interaction of two societies, the knowledge of a cultural trait or feature in one society can stimulate the invention of a similar trait or feature in the other
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hieroglyphics
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the picture-writing of ancient Egypt
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Faience
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Glassy material, usually of blue-green color, shaped in to beads, amulets and figurines by ancient Egyptians
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Tutankhamen
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Egyptian pharaoh of the New Kingdom period, who died at age 19 in 1323 bc informally known today as king tut
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Mohenjo-Daro
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an early indus valley city in south central Pakistan
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Harappa
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a fortified city in the indus valley of northeastern Pakistan
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xia
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semi legendary kingdom or dynasty of early china
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shang
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the yin dynasty was the first historic civilization in northern china
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Divination
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foretelling the future
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qin shi huangdi
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first emperor of a unified china
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zhou
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chinese dynasty that followed shang and ruled between 1122 and 221 bc
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neolithic
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the new stone age
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Mesolithic
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the middle stone age
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archaic cultures
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term used to refer to Mesolithic cultures in the Americas
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mictolith
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a small blade of flint or similar stone, several of which were hafted together in wooden handles to make tools widespread in Mesolithic
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natufian culture
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a mesolithic culture living in the lands that are now Israel, Lebanon and wester Syria between about 12,400 and 10,200 ya
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domestication
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an evolutionary process whereby humans modify, either intentionally or unintentionally, the genetic makeup of a population of plants or animals, sometimes to the extent that members of population are unable to survive and/or reproduce without human assistance
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vegeculture
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the cultivation of domesticated root crops, such as yams and taro
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mesoamerica
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the region encompassing southern Mexico and northern Central America
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horticulutre
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Cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes
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agriculture
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Intensive crop cultivation, employing plows, fertilizers and/or irrigation
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pastoralism
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Breeding and managing migratory herds of domesticated grazing animals such as goats, sheep, cattle, llamas or camels
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ethnicity
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perceived differences in culture, national origin, and historical experience by which groups of people are distinguished from others in the same social environment
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ethnic identity
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the sense of self on experiences as a member of and ethnic group
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ethnic groups
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categories of people who see themselves as sharing and ethnic identity that differentiates them from other groups or from the larger society
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ethnic boundaries
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the perceived cultural attributes by which ethnic groups distinguish themselves from others
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essentialism
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a view of ethnicity that holds that ethnic groups are distinguished by essential, historically rooted and emotionally experienced cultural differences
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constructionism
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a view of ethnicity that holds the ethnic groups emerge and change based on specific historical conditions
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nation-state
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a sovereign, geographically based state that identifies itself as having a distinctive national culture and historical experience
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assimilation model
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a model of U.S. ehtnicity that holds that people should abandon their cultural traditions and become wholly absorbed in mainstream American culture
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refugees
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people who have been uprooted from their native lands and forced to cross national boundaries
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multiculturalism
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the view that cultural diversity in the United States is positive value and makes an important contribution to American national identify
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trans nationalism
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a pattern of close ties and frequent visits maintained by immigrants with their native country
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Functionalism
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the anthropological theory that specific culture institutions function to support the structure of society or serve the needs of individuals in a society
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conflict theory
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a perspective on social stratification that focuses on inequality as a source of conflict and change
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power
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the ability to control resources
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wealth
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the accumulation of material resources or access to the means of producing theses resources
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prestige
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social honor or respect
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ascribed status
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a social position that a person is born into
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achieved status
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a social position that a person chooses or achieves on his or her own
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closed system
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a stratification system based primarily on ascription
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open system
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a stratification system based primarily on achievement
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class system
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a form of social stratification in which the different strata form a continuum and social mobility is possible
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social mobility
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movement from one social class to another
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life chances
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the opportunities that people have to fulfill their potential in society
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caste system
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a system of stratification based on birth in which movement from one stratum to another is not possible
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sex
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the biological difference between male and female
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gender
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a cultural construction that makes biological and physical differences into socially meaningful categories
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cultural construction of gender
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the idea that gender characteristics are the result of historical, economic, and political forces acting within each culture
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xanith
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an alternative gender role in oman on the saudi arabian peninsula
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two-spirt role
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an alternative gender role in native north america
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mahu
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an alternative gender role in Tahiti
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hijra
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an alternative gender role in india conceptualized as neither man nor women
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rite of passage
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a ritual that moves and individual from one social status to another
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menarche
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a woman's first menstruation
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manhood puzzle
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the question of why in almost all cultures masculinity is viewed not as a natural state but as a problematic status to be won through overcoming obstacles
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machismo
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a cultural construction of hyper masculinity as essential to the male gender role
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gender role
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the cultural expectations of men and women in a particular society, including the division of labor
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gender hierarchy
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the ways in which gendered activities and attributes are differentially valued and related to the distribution of resources, prestige and power in a society
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private/public dichotomy
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a gender system in which women's status is lowered by their almost exclusive cultural identification with the home and children, whereas men are identified with public, prestigious, economic and political roles
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subsistence strategy
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the way a society transforms environmental resources with food
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population density
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the number of people inhabiting a given area of land
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foraging
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a food getting strategy that does not involve food production or domestication of animals
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sedentary
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settled, living in one place
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industrialism
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the process of the mechanization of production
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rain forest
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tropical woodland characterized by high rainfall and dense canopy of broad-leaved evergreen trees
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pastoralism
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a food getting strategy that depends on the care of domesticated herd animals
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horticulture
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production of plants using a simple, nonmechanized technology; fields are not used continuously
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agriculture
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a form of food production in which fields are in a permanent cultivation using plows, animals, and techniques of soil and water control
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productivity
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yield per person per unit of land
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efficiency
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yield per person per hour of labor invested
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transhumant pastoralism
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a form of pastoralism in which herd animals are moved regularly throughout the year to different areas as pasture becomes available
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nomadic pastoralism
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a form of pastoralism in which the whole social group and their animals move in search of pasture
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patrilineal
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a lineage formed by descent in the male line
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swidden cultivation
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a form of cultivation in which a field is cleared by felling the trees and burning the brush
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peasants
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rural cultivatiors who produce for the subsistence of their households but are also integrated into larger complex state societies
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globalization
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the integration of resources, labor, and capital into a global network
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bureaucracy
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administrative hierarchy characterized by specialization of function and fixed rules
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