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104 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Aurignacian
Pertaining to an Upper Paleolithic stone tool industry in Europe beginning at about 40,000 y.a.
Magdalenian
Pertaining to the final phase of the Upper Paleolithic stone tool industry in Europe
Burins
Small, chisel-like tools thought to have been used to engrave bone, antler, ivory, or wood
Growth
Increase in mass or number of cells
Development
Differentiation of cells into different types of tissues and their maturation
adolescent growth spurt
The period during adolescence when well nourished teens typically increase in stature at greater rates than in other times in life cycle
essential amino acids
the 9 amino acids that must be obtained from the food that we eat because they are not synthesized in the body in sufficient amounts
menarche
the first menstruation in girls usually occurring in the early to mid teens
Menopause
the end of menstruation in human women usually occurring around 50
senescence
the process of physiological decline in body function that occurs with aging
pleiotropic genes
genes that have more than one effect
civilization
the larger social order that includes states related by language, traditions, history, economic ties and other shared cultural aspects
catalhoyuk
a large early neolithic site in souther turkey
tells
mounds of accumulated rubble representing the site of an ancient city
social stratification
class structure or hierarchy, usually based on political, economic, or social standing
shamanism
traditional practices that mediate between the world of humans and the world of spirits
mesopotamia
land between the tigris and euphrates rivers, mostly included in modern day iraq
ubaid
early formative culture of mesopotamia, 7,500-6,200 y.a.
city-states
an urban center and its supporting territory that forms and autonomous sociopolitical unit
ziggurat
late sumerian mud-brick temple-pyramid
cuneiform
wedge-shaped writing of acient mesopotamia
Gilgamesh
semi legendary king and culture hero of early Uruk
territorial state
a form of state political organization with multiple administrative centers and one or more capitals
Hammurabi
early Babylonian king ca 1800-1750
nebuchadnezaar
late Babylonian king ca 605-562
pharaoh
title of the king or ruler of ancient Egypt
stimulus diffusion
in the interaction of two societies, the knowledge of a cultural trait or feature in one society can stimulate the invention of a similar trait or feature in the other
hieroglyphics
the picture-writing of ancient Egypt
Faience
Glassy material, usually of blue-green color, shaped in to beads, amulets and figurines by ancient Egyptians
Tutankhamen
Egyptian pharaoh of the New Kingdom period, who died at age 19 in 1323 bc informally known today as king tut
Mohenjo-Daro
an early indus valley city in south central Pakistan
Harappa
a fortified city in the indus valley of northeastern Pakistan
xia
semi legendary kingdom or dynasty of early china
shang
the yin dynasty was the first historic civilization in northern china
Divination
foretelling the future
qin shi huangdi
first emperor of a unified china
zhou
chinese dynasty that followed shang and ruled between 1122 and 221 bc
neolithic
the new stone age
Mesolithic
the middle stone age
archaic cultures
term used to refer to Mesolithic cultures in the Americas
mictolith
a small blade of flint or similar stone, several of which were hafted together in wooden handles to make tools widespread in Mesolithic
natufian culture
a mesolithic culture living in the lands that are now Israel, Lebanon and wester Syria between about 12,400 and 10,200 ya
domestication
an evolutionary process whereby humans modify, either intentionally or unintentionally, the genetic makeup of a population of plants or animals, sometimes to the extent that members of population are unable to survive and/or reproduce without human assistance
vegeculture
the cultivation of domesticated root crops, such as yams and taro
mesoamerica
the region encompassing southern Mexico and northern Central America
horticulutre
Cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes
agriculture
Intensive crop cultivation, employing plows, fertilizers and/or irrigation
pastoralism
Breeding and managing migratory herds of domesticated grazing animals such as goats, sheep, cattle, llamas or camels
ethnicity
perceived differences in culture, national origin, and historical experience by which groups of people are distinguished from others in the same social environment
ethnic identity
the sense of self on experiences as a member of and ethnic group
ethnic groups
categories of people who see themselves as sharing and ethnic identity that differentiates them from other groups or from the larger society
ethnic boundaries
the perceived cultural attributes by which ethnic groups distinguish themselves from others
essentialism
a view of ethnicity that holds that ethnic groups are distinguished by essential, historically rooted and emotionally experienced cultural differences
constructionism
a view of ethnicity that holds the ethnic groups emerge and change based on specific historical conditions
nation-state
a sovereign, geographically based state that identifies itself as having a distinctive national culture and historical experience
assimilation model
a model of U.S. ehtnicity that holds that people should abandon their cultural traditions and become wholly absorbed in mainstream American culture
refugees
people who have been uprooted from their native lands and forced to cross national boundaries
multiculturalism
the view that cultural diversity in the United States is positive value and makes an important contribution to American national identify
trans nationalism
a pattern of close ties and frequent visits maintained by immigrants with their native country
Functionalism
the anthropological theory that specific culture institutions function to support the structure of society or serve the needs of individuals in a society
conflict theory
a perspective on social stratification that focuses on inequality as a source of conflict and change
power
the ability to control resources
wealth
the accumulation of material resources or access to the means of producing theses resources
prestige
social honor or respect
ascribed status
a social position that a person is born into
achieved status
a social position that a person chooses or achieves on his or her own
closed system
a stratification system based primarily on ascription
open system
a stratification system based primarily on achievement
class system
a form of social stratification in which the different strata form a continuum and social mobility is possible
social mobility
movement from one social class to another
life chances
the opportunities that people have to fulfill their potential in society
caste system
a system of stratification based on birth in which movement from one stratum to another is not possible
sex
the biological difference between male and female
gender
a cultural construction that makes biological and physical differences into socially meaningful categories
cultural construction of gender
the idea that gender characteristics are the result of historical, economic, and political forces acting within each culture
xanith
an alternative gender role in oman on the saudi arabian peninsula
two-spirt role
an alternative gender role in native north america
mahu
an alternative gender role in Tahiti
hijra
an alternative gender role in india conceptualized as neither man nor women
rite of passage
a ritual that moves and individual from one social status to another
menarche
a woman's first menstruation
manhood puzzle
the question of why in almost all cultures masculinity is viewed not as a natural state but as a problematic status to be won through overcoming obstacles
machismo
a cultural construction of hyper masculinity as essential to the male gender role
gender role
the cultural expectations of men and women in a particular society, including the division of labor
gender hierarchy
the ways in which gendered activities and attributes are differentially valued and related to the distribution of resources, prestige and power in a society
private/public dichotomy
a gender system in which women's status is lowered by their almost exclusive cultural identification with the home and children, whereas men are identified with public, prestigious, economic and political roles
subsistence strategy
the way a society transforms environmental resources with food
population density
the number of people inhabiting a given area of land
foraging
a food getting strategy that does not involve food production or domestication of animals
sedentary
settled, living in one place
industrialism
the process of the mechanization of production
rain forest
tropical woodland characterized by high rainfall and dense canopy of broad-leaved evergreen trees
pastoralism
a food getting strategy that depends on the care of domesticated herd animals
horticulture
production of plants using a simple, nonmechanized technology; fields are not used continuously
agriculture
a form of food production in which fields are in a permanent cultivation using plows, animals, and techniques of soil and water control
productivity
yield per person per unit of land
efficiency
yield per person per hour of labor invested
transhumant pastoralism
a form of pastoralism in which herd animals are moved regularly throughout the year to different areas as pasture becomes available
nomadic pastoralism
a form of pastoralism in which the whole social group and their animals move in search of pasture
patrilineal
a lineage formed by descent in the male line
swidden cultivation
a form of cultivation in which a field is cleared by felling the trees and burning the brush
peasants
rural cultivatiors who produce for the subsistence of their households but are also integrated into larger complex state societies
globalization
the integration of resources, labor, and capital into a global network
bureaucracy
administrative hierarchy characterized by specialization of function and fixed rules