Anthro Midterm 2

Front 1

What is subject, examples of it

Back 1

individuals unique position in the world, shaped by social variable such as class, gender, and socioeconomic status

ex) Individual, Self, Identity, Personality, Agency

Front 2

Language, Linguistics

Back 2

system of symbols we use to encode our experiences of the world and of one another,

Linguistics, is the study of language

Front 3

M Bakhtin

Back 3

introduced "Heteroglossia": Coexistence of multiplicity of linguistic norms and forms in social subgroups

Languages are divided by strata and social divisions such as gender, age, region, class

Front 4

Sapir Whorf Hypothesis

Back 4

Created by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf. Assertion that language has power to shape the way people see the world. aka Linguistic Relativity

ex) If we used te, instead of he/she, predicted that english speakers would view men/women equal.

Front 5

Alexander Guiora

Back 5

Studied Linguistic Relativity in different regions such as
Hebrew (Isreal) - highly gendered language

English (US) - Moderate Gendered
Finnish (Finland) - Minimal Gendered

Front 6

Pidgin and creoles

Back 6

Pidgin - simple language that has no native speakers that is developed from members of distinct communities that speak other languages. Vocabulary is usually from dominant group, while syntax/phonology are similar to sub-ordinate group.

Creole - complex language with native speakers, developed over one generations from 2+ languages. Created when pidgin speakers pass down language to next generation

Front 7

Linguistic Inequality

Back 7

Language of powerful is considered superior, look down on other languages and consider pidgin/creole languages as impure.

Front 8

Sex

Back 8

biological distinction between male/female based on gonads/chromosone

Front 9

Intersex

Back 9

Turner Syndrome XO
Triple X
Klinefelter XXY
XY Female, androgen insensitivty

Front 10

Gender Roles

Back 10

set of behaviors that are commonly perceived as masculine or feminine within cultures

Front 11

J.L. Austin

Back 11

Structuralist, interested in structure of language

Examined Utterances, that were descriptive and could be truth or false. Performative such as "I bet" were unhappy (fail) or happy (succeed)

Front 12

judith butler

Back 12

philosopher, feminist, queer wrote "Gender Trouble"
argues gender is a performative utterence, "Its a girl" is not descriptive but performative

Front 13

Difference between
Sex vs Gender
Sexuality
Sexism vs Homophobia

Back 13

Sex is biological (Male), gender is social expression (masculine).
Sexuality is desire of one.
Sexism is belief that gender is biological rooted, and homophobia fear of homosexuals

Front 14

Heteronormativity

Back 14

belief that everyone is straight or can be

Front 15

Sex Verification in Sports

Back 15

Went from physical to cellular.
Maria Jose Martinez-Patine (Spanish Hurdler) - Originally passed, then failed had Androgen Insensitivity (XY Female)
Caster Semanya - failed test, lost medals, appealed and re-instated however was forced to take testosterone reduction pills

Front 16

Intersex in other cultures

Back 16

Guevadoche - Dominican Republic
- meant testicles at twelve, person chooses gender at puberty
Kwolu-aatmol - Sambia, New Guinea
meant "changing into male thing" considered as dangerous, witches

Front 17

Third Gender

Back 17

Hijras, India
Performers, brought luck (before colonialism)
Nor M/F, more feminine
Twin Spirited (Berdache) Plains, First Nations
Girls that were masculine, or males that were feminine. Originally thought as powerful, western ideas created homophobia and their gift wasn't recognized.

Front 18

Edmund Leach and marriage

Back 18

Establish legal parent to children of other
monopoly of sexuality of other
property rights

Front 19

Marriage in Canada

Back 19

Lawful union of two persons to exclusion of others, cant have multiple spouses at once but can over lifetime

Front 20

Monogamy vs Polygamy

Back 20

Mono - One spouse at once
Serial Monogamy - multiple spouses over lifetime
Polygamy - multiple at once
Polygyny - Multiple wives, patrilineal
Polyandry - Multiple husnads

Front 21

Difference of marriage ideology in western vs outside

Back 21

Western - Romance, Other - union of families for social/economic reasons

Front 22

Levirate vs Sorate

Back 22

Levirate - Wife marries dead husbands brother/relative
Sorate - Husband marries sister of dead wife

Front 23

Nzingo of Ndongo/Matamba

Back 23

17th Century queen, acted as male marrried other women to preserve status of queen. Father was very powerful king, united two territories.

Front 24

Hungochani (boy-wives)

Back 24

Studied by Marc Epprecht
Older rich men married young men temporarily as mentors to teach boy, and the boys would later grow to become rich and marry wife

Mine/Prison Marriage - older men took boys and taught them survival

Front 25

Marriage Exchange and payments

Back 25

Bridewealth - payment from groom to family of bride
Bride service - Labour provided by groom to family of bride
Dowry - Payment from bride fam to groom fam

Front 26

Naturalizing discourse

Back 26

the representation of particular identities (caste, race, class) as if they were a result of biology/nature rather than history/culture making them appear eternal/unchanged

Front 27

Kinship Terminology

Back 27

Consanguineal - Blood Relative
Affinal - Relative through marriage (in-laws)
Genitor - Biological Father
Pater - social father
Genetrix - Biological Mother
Mater - social mother

Front 28

Naming Criterias in family

Back 28

Generation (mom, grandma, great grandma)
Gender (uncle, aunt)
Affinity (muva vs mum in law)
Collatarality (one off or direct line ex: sister vs cousin)
Bifurication (moms side different than fathers ex) masi, mama, pooah, chacha)
Relative Age - different words for older/younger bruva
Gender of linking relative - cross cousin (moms bro kids) vs parallel cousin (moms sis kids)

Front 29

Bi lateral

Back 29

both sides of parents are recognized equally, ex) instead of Gurbar Sidhu id be Gurbar Gill Sidhu

Front 30

Unilineal Descent

Back 30

Relatedness is recognized through Mom/Dad side
ex) Patrilineal, Matrilineal, Ambilineal

Front 31

Lineages

Back 31

group composed of blood members who believe they can trace descent from ancestors
siblings are always part of same lineage

Front 32

Clans

Back 32

group formed by members who believe they share common ancestor, even if they cannot specify genealogical link
ex) Mythical origin - Haida Eagle/Raven Clans

Front 33

Nuer - Making kin?

Back 33

exchange cattle for bride
Female Husbands - sister of dead husband becomes social male
Ghost Marriage - dead male gets married to girl

Front 34

Religion

Back 34

Ideas and practices that postulate reality, beyond which is immediately available to senses

Front 35

Edward Tylor

Back 35

Once humantiy stopped evolving biologically, was the creation of culture
all humans are same
Savage Philosophy - Difference between living/dead?
Social Evolutionary Theory
1st - Animism (Spirit)
2nd - Polytheism (many gods)
3rd - Monothiesm
4th - Science

Front 36

Anthony Wallace

Back 36

Studied prayers,exercises, taboos, feasts, mana, sacrifices

Front 37

Practioners

Back 37

Shamans - "medicine person" healer, connect with spirit to guide not help
Priest - full time specialist, has authority and skill set

Front 38

Victor Turner

Back 38

Structuralist, work is done with Ndembu

Rituals - formal, fixed, repetitive, symbolic **
Rite of Passage has three stages
- Seperation
- Liminality
- Re-integration

Front 39

Communitas

Back 39

Collective Liminality
connected to others who went through same experience

Front 40

Sorcery vs Witchcraft

Back 40

Sorcery - skilled, intentional to heal
witchcraft - unintentional power

Front 41

Intentional Magic

Back 41

set of beliefs/practices designed to control visible/invisible for purposes
James Fraser described it as false science
- Sympathetic (imitative) magic (voodoo doll)
- Contagious Magic - taking part of original (blood, hair) and doing something to it which affects original

Front 42

Unintentional Magic

Back 42

Evil Eye
- Hamsa
- Hand of Fatima

Front 43

Oracles

Back 43

Invisible forces to which people address questions and responses will be truthful

Front 44

Syncretic

Back 44

old religious practices with new religious practices introduced from outside, by force
ex) Virgin of Gaudalupe

Front 45

Tonantizin

Back 45

aztec deity, goddess of fertility
associated with moon and solstice
Temple was on Tepayac
syncretic with virgin of gaudalupe

Front 46

Secularism

Back 46

Seperation of church n state

Front 47

Afro-american Syncretic religions

Back 47

during atlantic slave trade during 16-19 century with 14million people

Front 48

Major ethnic groups from africa

Back 48

Yoruba
igbo
hausa

oromo

akan

bantu

ewe

Front 49

latin americas of african descent

Back 49

brazil (largest)
colombia (med)
haiti
dom rep
cuba
puerto rico

Front 50

Commonalities

Back 50

Catholic (One god, saints)
Dieties (Orishas, Orixas, Lwas)
Drumming - Rythems (invoked spirits)
Spirit possesion
healing
magic/sorcery

Front 51

Umbanda

Back 51

Brazil, combo of catholic, native, african, spiritism (spirits of deceased)

Front 52

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Back 52

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