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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
perscriber |
one who tells one what to do |
|
Causes of disease |
Natural - no supernatural element (equilibrium) Magic/sorcery disease-object intrusion spirit intrusion (trepannation) soul loss breach of taboo |
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equilibrium |
the idea that certain elements of one's health have to be in balance |
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disease-object intrusion |
a foreign body supernaturally enters one's body and causes sickness |
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spirit intrusion |
a spirit enters one's body and causes sickness |
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trepannation |
cutting a hole in the skull - goes with spirit intrusion |
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Aspects of successful healing |
naming process personality of the healer patient's expectations techniques of healing |
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naming process |
the healer must be able to name the disease |
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personality of the healer |
healer must care about the patient |
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patient's expectations |
does a patient think they will be healed |
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techniques of healing |
shown to be effective |
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The aim of magic |
productive destructive protective |
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productive magic |
intended to cause something positive to happen |
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destructive magic |
intended to cause something negative to happen aka sorcery |
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protective magic |
intended to prevent something negative from happening |
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imitative magic |
operates on the principle that like actions produce like results |
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contagious magic |
after two things have been in contact, they continue to influence each other |
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incantation |
a formula said or sung that give force to magic - curse - oath - mantra |
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curse |
an incantation of destruction |
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oath |
an incantation that attests to truth |
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mantra |
a constantly repeated incantation |
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Theories of witchcraft belief |
explanation of misfortune resolution of social tension relationship fission |
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explanation of misfortune |
why bad things happen - provides course of action when something bad happens |
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resolution of social tension |
allows social conflicts to be made public through accusation |
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relationship fission |
allows communities to break up that are otherwise not allowed to break up through accusation |
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amulet |
part of animatism |
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fetish |
belongs with animism; an object with a spirit that can be controlled - also improper religion or sexuality |
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exorcist |
one who casts evil spirits out |
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spirit medium |
one through whom a spirit speaks or acts |
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diviner |
one who practices divination |
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divination |
finding something hidden by means of the supernatural - astrology - omen - spirit medium - dream - ordeal - oracle |
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sorcerer |
one who practices sorcery |
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sorcery |
harming someone supernaturally through spells and paraphernalia - external, learned, and conscious |
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prophet |
one who receives messages from supernatural |
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priest |
a religious specialist who relies on litergy |
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litergy |
memorized ritual |
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ethno medicine |
the study of health and healing in its cultural context |
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zombie |
fetish in haiti; slaves turned into slaves by doing something bad |
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witchcraft |
harming someone supernaturally through psychological processes only - internal, innate, and maybe unconscious - position of weakness |
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evil eye |
harming someone supernaturally through envy - internal and psychological - anyone can cause the evil eye - always found in peasant societies (social security for peasants) |
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peasant |
a person who grows their own food but is part of a larger economic system |
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social security |
knowing we're going to be taken care of |
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astrology |
divination of the stars |
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omen |
a natural occurrence believed to have a supernatural meaning |
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dream |
sometimes repetitive = significance |
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ordeal |
supernatural communicates through exposure to danger - decides guilt or innocence |
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oracle |
form of divination where a specific question is asked |
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cognition |
the process of knowing |
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plato's cave |
metaphor for education - noble lie - leader must lie to the people because commoners are not capable of understanding |
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semiotics |
the study of signs - sign - percept - concept - referent |
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sign |
the interplay of signifier and signified |
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signifier |
that which stands for something |
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signified |
that which is stood for |
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percept |
sensual information received - limited in our percepts by our senses |
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concept |
what exists in the mind as an idea of something - being altered at all times |
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referent |
the actual thing referred to |
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trope |
non-literal use of symbols - metaphor - metonymy - synecdote - irony |
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metaphor |
comparison of two unlike things - basis for trope if similarity |
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metonymy |
use of an associated idea for the idea itself - basis is association |
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synecdote |
contiguity, time before ours, idea of modernism |
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irony |
our time |
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main ways to communicate w/ supernatural |
prayer physiological experience simulation feasts sacrifice |
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prayer |
asking for something |
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physiological experience |
experiencing the supernatural within one's own body ie. altered states of consciousness |
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simulation |
acting out something |
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feasts |
eating a lot ie. ancestor worship |
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sacrifice |
giving something valuable to the supernatural |
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aims of ritual |
technology therapy/antitherapy social control salvation renewal |
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technology |
affecting nature |
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social control |
regulation behavior |
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salvation |
keeping one away from unwanted psychological state |
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renewal |
renewing society |
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ritual |
a stylized symbolic action - solitary - interpersonal - stand alone - embedded - calendrical - critical |
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rite |
same as ritual (stylized symbolic action) |
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solitary ritual |
done by one's self |
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interpersonal ritual |
done with others |
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stand alone ritual |
the ritual is all by itself |
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embedded ritual |
the ritual is part of a larger ritual |
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calendrical ritual |
happens at specific times |
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critical ritual |
for a specific purpose |
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rite of passage |
cultures represent important aspects; marks a change in status - separation - transition - incorporation |
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separation |
a symbol of separation from the old status |
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transition |
one is in between statuses and the norms of the status are reinforced |
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incorporation |
a symbol of entry into the new status |
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liminality |
the condition of being in between statuses |
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rite of intensification |
a ritual that increases the feelings of a group about itself |
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rite of reversal/rebellion/license |
a ritual that gives permission to do something one normally cannot do but only during the ritual - employs the ironic trope aka tale - functions to reinforce the norms by acting out the opposite - always connected to core values |
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mortuary ritual |
rituals surrounding death - endo cannibalism - kuru |
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endo cannibalism |
eating one's dead relatives |
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kuru |
a disease found in only one culture on earth - aka laughing sickness - exclusively in women and children - believed because of sorcery - researchers found a new type of disease - human meat considered low status |
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ritual use of drugs |
set setting jamaican marijuana study hallucinogen entoptic imagery form constants |
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set |
the expectations an individual brings to a drug session |
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setting |
the actual circumstances of a drug session |
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jamaican marijuana study |
work of the anthropologists led to less prosecution of the people - American believes makes you lazy, slow, not think clearly, and hungry |
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hallucinogen |
a psychotrope that allows one to perceive things that others cannot |
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entoptic imagery |
things that are seen that are within the eye itself or part of neural processing |
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form constants |
entoptic imagery that always take the same form - 7 kinds |
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philosophy |
an explanation for the ordering of a domain - cosmology - ontology - logic - ethics |
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cosmology |
one's expectations of how the world works emphasizing the universe and everything in it |
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ontology |
knowing what is real from what is not real |
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logic |
knowing a good argument from a bad argument |
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ethics |
proper behavior |
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cult |
any organized system of belief |
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cult institutions |
who does rituals for whom - individualistic - shamanic - communal - ecclesiastical |
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individualistic cult inst. |
an individual must do rituals for themselves - vision quest - search for a vision that will guide one's life |
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shamanic cult inst. |
a shaman does rituals for individuals |
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communal cult inst. |
everybody does the ritual for the community - family oriented - ancestor cult - directed toward getting ancestors to look after you |
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ecclesiastical cult inst. |
a priest does rituals for the community |
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characteristics of priests |
use of litergy no fee for service dedicated to high gods authority comes from the government |
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evolution of priesthood |
ghost cult - preventing spirits of ancestors from harming community may become ancestor cult finally priesthood - condition of there being priests |
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religious change |
two ways to gain new culture traits are invention and diffusion |
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invention |
the trait emerges from within the culture |
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diffusion |
the trait comes from another culture through trade and missionary activity |
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acculturation |
one culture becomes significantly like another - always within power imbalance |
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syncretism |
traits from two or more cultures come together to make a new trait |
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revitalization movement |
a conscious, organized attempt to create a better society |
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millenarian movement |
a revit. movement that predicts and imminent end to the world as it is known |
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cargo cult |
a millen. movement where the members expect to receive material goods. exist where: - christian missionization - colonial administration - plantation capitalism |
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types of revitalization |
nativistic vitalistic millenarian messianic mystic prophetic syncretic |
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nativistic |
looks to a better past ie. fundamentalism |
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vitalistic |
looks to a better future ie. ra elianism |
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messianic |
looks to an individual to bring change ie. messiah |
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mystic |
one that features mysticism - mysticism - a feeling of communion with supernatural |
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prophetic |
receives revelations from the supernatural |
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syncretic |
features syncretism |
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conversion |
changing from one religion to another |
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mazeway resynthesis |
a complete reordering of how one sees the world, leaders have this |
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hysterical conversion |
an individual has an emotional need to be filled, followers have this |