Anthro Midterm #2

Front 1

perscriber

Back 1

one who tells one what to do

Front 2

Causes of disease

Back 2

Natural - no supernatural element (equilibrium)

Magic/sorcery

disease-object intrusion

spirit intrusion (trepannation)

soul loss

breach of taboo

Front 3

equilibrium

Back 3

the idea that certain elements of one's health have to be in balance

Front 4

disease-object intrusion

Back 4

a foreign body supernaturally enters one's body and causes sickness

Front 5

spirit intrusion

Back 5

a spirit enters one's body and causes sickness

Front 6

trepannation

Back 6

cutting a hole in the skull

- goes with spirit intrusion

Front 7

Aspects of successful healing

Back 7

naming process

personality of the healer

patient's expectations

techniques of healing

Front 8

naming process

Back 8

the healer must be able to name the disease

Front 9

personality of the healer

Back 9

healer must care about the patient

Front 10

patient's expectations

Back 10

does a patient think they will be healed

Front 11

techniques of healing

Back 11

shown to be effective

Front 12

The aim of magic

Back 12

productive

destructive

protective

Front 13

productive magic

Back 13

intended to cause something positive to happen

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destructive magic

Back 14

intended to cause something negative to happen aka sorcery

Front 15

protective magic

Back 15

intended to prevent something negative from happening

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imitative magic

Back 16

operates on the principle that like actions produce like results

Front 17

contagious magic

Back 17

after two things have been in contact, they continue to influence each other

Front 18

incantation

Back 18

a formula said or sung that give force to magic

- curse

- oath

- mantra

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curse

Back 19

an incantation of destruction

Front 20

oath

Back 20

an incantation that attests to truth

Front 21

mantra

Back 21

a constantly repeated incantation

Front 22

Theories of witchcraft belief

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explanation of misfortune

resolution of social tension

relationship fission

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explanation of misfortune

Back 23

why bad things happen

- provides course of action when something bad happens

Front 24

resolution of social tension

Back 24

allows social conflicts to be made public through accusation

Front 25

relationship fission

Back 25

allows communities to break up that are otherwise not allowed to break up through accusation

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amulet

Back 26

part of animatism

Front 27

fetish

Back 27

belongs with animism; an object with a spirit that can be controlled

- also improper religion or sexuality

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exorcist

Back 28

one who casts evil spirits out

Front 29

spirit medium

Back 29

one through whom a spirit speaks or acts

Front 30

diviner

Back 30

one who practices divination

Front 31

divination

Back 31

finding something hidden by means of the supernatural

- astrology

- omen

- spirit medium

- dream

- ordeal

- oracle

Front 32

sorcerer

Back 32

one who practices sorcery

Front 33

sorcery

Back 33

harming someone supernaturally through spells and paraphernalia

- external, learned, and conscious

Front 34

prophet

Back 34

one who receives messages from supernatural

Front 35

priest

Back 35

a religious specialist who relies on litergy

Front 36

litergy

Back 36

memorized ritual

Front 37

ethno medicine

Back 37

the study of health and healing in its cultural context

Front 38

zombie

Back 38

fetish in haiti; slaves turned into slaves by doing something bad

Front 39

witchcraft

Back 39

harming someone supernaturally through psychological processes only

- internal, innate, and maybe unconscious

- position of weakness

Front 40

evil eye

Back 40

harming someone supernaturally through envy

- internal and psychological

- anyone can cause the evil eye

- always found in peasant societies (social security for peasants)

Front 41

peasant

Back 41

a person who grows their own food but is part of a larger economic system

Front 42

social security

Back 42

knowing we're going to be taken care of

Front 43

astrology

Back 43

divination of the stars

Front 44

omen

Back 44

a natural occurrence believed to have a supernatural meaning

Front 45

dream

Back 45

sometimes repetitive = significance

Front 46

ordeal

Back 46

supernatural communicates through exposure to danger - decides guilt or innocence

Front 47

oracle

Back 47

form of divination where a specific question is asked

Front 48

cognition

Back 48

the process of knowing

Front 49

plato's cave

Back 49

metaphor for education

- noble lie - leader must lie to the people because commoners are not capable of understanding

Front 50

semiotics

Back 50

the study of signs

- sign

- percept

- concept

- referent

Front 51

sign

Back 51

the interplay of signifier and signified

Front 52

signifier

Back 52

that which stands for something

Front 53

signified

Back 53

that which is stood for

Front 54

percept

Back 54

sensual information received

- limited in our percepts by our senses

Front 55

concept

Back 55

what exists in the mind as an idea of something

- being altered at all times

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referent

Back 56

the actual thing referred to

Front 57

trope

Back 57

non-literal use of symbols

- metaphor

- metonymy

- synecdote

- irony

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metaphor

Back 58

comparison of two unlike things

- basis for trope if similarity

Front 59

metonymy

Back 59

use of an associated idea for the idea itself

- basis is association

Front 60

synecdote

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contiguity, time before ours, idea of modernism

Front 61

irony

Back 61

our time

Front 62

main ways to communicate w/ supernatural

Back 62

prayer

physiological experience

simulation

feasts

sacrifice

Front 63

prayer

Back 63

asking for something

Front 64

physiological experience

Back 64

experiencing the supernatural within one's own body ie. altered states of consciousness

Front 65

simulation

Back 65

acting out something

Front 66

feasts

Back 66

eating a lot ie. ancestor worship

Front 67

sacrifice

Back 67

giving something valuable to the supernatural

Front 68

aims of ritual

Back 68

technology

therapy/antitherapy

social control

salvation

renewal

Front 69

technology

Back 69

affecting nature

Front 70

social control

Back 70

regulation behavior

Front 71

salvation

Back 71

keeping one away from unwanted psychological state

Front 72

renewal

Back 72

renewing society

Front 73

ritual

Back 73

a stylized symbolic action

- solitary

- interpersonal

- stand alone

- embedded

- calendrical

- critical

Front 74

rite

Back 74

same as ritual (stylized symbolic action)

Front 75

solitary ritual

Back 75

done by one's self

Front 76

interpersonal ritual

Back 76

done with others

Front 77

stand alone ritual

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the ritual is all by itself

Front 78

embedded ritual

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the ritual is part of a larger ritual

Front 79

calendrical ritual

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happens at specific times

Front 80

critical ritual

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for a specific purpose

Front 81

rite of passage

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cultures represent important aspects; marks a change in status

- separation

- transition

- incorporation

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separation

Back 82

a symbol of separation from the old status

Front 83

transition

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one is in between statuses and the norms of the status are reinforced

Front 84

incorporation

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a symbol of entry into the new status

Front 85

liminality

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the condition of being in between statuses

Front 86

rite of intensification

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a ritual that increases the feelings of a group about itself

Front 87

rite of reversal/rebellion/license

Back 87

a ritual that gives permission to do something one normally cannot do but only during the ritual

- employs the ironic trope aka tale

- functions to reinforce the norms by acting out the opposite

- always connected to core values

Front 88

mortuary ritual

Back 88

rituals surrounding death

- endo cannibalism

- kuru

Front 89

endo cannibalism

Back 89

eating one's dead relatives

Front 90

kuru

Back 90

a disease found in only one culture on earth

- aka laughing sickness

- exclusively in women and children

- believed because of sorcery

- researchers found a new type of disease

- human meat considered low status

Front 91

ritual use of drugs

Back 91

set

setting

jamaican marijuana study

hallucinogen

entoptic imagery

form constants

Front 92

set

Back 92

the expectations an individual brings to a drug session

Front 93

setting

Back 93

the actual circumstances of a drug session

Front 94

jamaican marijuana study

Back 94

work of the anthropologists led to less prosecution of the people

- American believes makes you lazy, slow, not think clearly, and hungry

Front 95

hallucinogen

Back 95

a psychotrope that allows one to perceive things that others cannot

Front 96

entoptic imagery

Back 96

things that are seen that are within the eye itself or part of neural processing

Front 97

form constants

Back 97

entoptic imagery that always take the same form - 7 kinds

Front 98

philosophy

Back 98

an explanation for the ordering of a domain

- cosmology

- ontology

- logic

- ethics

Front 99

cosmology

Back 99

one's expectations of how the world works emphasizing the universe and everything in it

Front 100

ontology

Back 100

knowing what is real from what is not real

Front 101

logic

Back 101

knowing a good argument from a bad argument

Front 102

ethics

Back 102

proper behavior

Front 103

cult

Back 103

any organized system of belief

Front 104

cult institutions

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who does rituals for whom

- individualistic

- shamanic

- communal

- ecclesiastical

Front 105

individualistic cult inst.

Back 105

an individual must do rituals for themselves

- vision quest - search for a vision that will guide one's life

Front 106

shamanic cult inst.

Back 106

a shaman does rituals for individuals

Front 107

communal cult inst.

Back 107

everybody does the ritual for the community

- family oriented

- ancestor cult - directed toward getting ancestors to look after you

Front 108

ecclesiastical cult inst.

Back 108

a priest does rituals for the community

Front 109

characteristics of priests

Back 109

use of litergy

no fee for service

dedicated to high gods

authority comes from the government

Front 110

evolution of priesthood

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ghost cult - preventing spirits of ancestors from harming community

may become ancestor cult

finally priesthood - condition of there being priests

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religious change

Back 111

two ways to gain new culture traits are invention and diffusion

Front 112

invention

Back 112

the trait emerges from within the culture

Front 113

diffusion

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the trait comes from another culture through trade and missionary activity

Front 114

acculturation

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one culture becomes significantly like another

- always within power imbalance

Front 115

syncretism

Back 115

traits from two or more cultures come together to make a new trait

Front 116

revitalization movement

Back 116

a conscious, organized attempt to create a better society

Front 117

millenarian movement

Back 117

a revit. movement that predicts and imminent end to the world as it is known

Front 118

cargo cult

Back 118

a millen. movement where the members expect to receive material goods. exist where:

- christian missionization

- colonial administration

- plantation capitalism

Front 119

types of revitalization

Back 119

nativistic

vitalistic

millenarian

messianic

mystic

prophetic

syncretic

Front 120

nativistic

Back 120

looks to a better past ie. fundamentalism

Front 121

vitalistic

Back 121

looks to a better future ie. ra elianism

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messianic

Back 122

looks to an individual to bring change ie. messiah

Front 123

mystic

Back 123

one that features mysticism

- mysticism - a feeling of communion with supernatural

Front 124

prophetic

Back 124

receives revelations from the supernatural

Front 125

syncretic

Back 125

features syncretism

Front 126

conversion

Back 126

changing from one religion to another

Front 127

mazeway resynthesis

Back 127

a complete reordering of how one sees the world, leaders have this

Front 128

hysterical conversion

Back 128

an individual has an emotional need to be filled, followers have this