Anthro Midterm 2

Front 1

Absolute dating

Back 1

~Involves an actual number that dates the specimen -dendrochronology -radiocarbon dating -radiopotassiunm dating -amino acid dating -fission track dating -paleomagnetic dating -luminescence -molecular clock

Front 2

Acheulian complex

Back 2

~homo erectus~handaxes and other stone tools more advanced than oldowan

Front 3

Adapids v. Omomyids

Back 3

~both are Euprimates (the 1st true primate)~Adapids: diurnal, large snout, sexually dimorphic, lemurlike~Omomyids: nocturnal, larger eyes, narrow snout, tasierlike

Front 4

Aegyptopithecus

Back 4

~oligocene

~the largest primate found in the Fayum in Egypt

~represents the ancestral condition for all primitive catarrhines~the earliest catarrhine

Front 5

Altruism

Back 5

~aiding another at the risk/expense of yourself~warning vocalization

Front 6

Amino acid dating

Back 6

~absolute dating~decay of protein molecules~ >200 kya~ needs organic matter

Front 7

Anthropoidea

Back 7

~haplorhini suborder~platyrrhines & catarrhines (cercopithecodea & hominoidea) ~new world monkeys, old world monkeys, apes, humans

Front 8

Arboreal adaptation

Back 8

~generalized skeletal structure:

-many bones -opposable thumbs -spinal adaptation

~enhanced sense of touch: -dermal ridges -nails v. claws

~enhanced vision -forward facing eyes -skeletal structure protection -color vision~reduced sense of smell -small noses/snouts

Front 9

Archaic Homo sapiens

Back 9

~emerged 350kya~evolved from homoerectus~longer, lower skull~larger browridge~larger occipital bun~larger teeth~no chin~same tools but more diverse materials~reduction of dental complex means they were eating softer foods~used teeth as tools~regional variation

Front 10

Ardipithecus kadabba & Ardipithecus ramidus

Back 10

~pre-australopithecine

~kadabba: -5.8mya (earlier species) -perihoning~ramidus: -300-350cc -face protrudes -long forearms -wide pelvis -divergent big toe -bipedal -spent time in trees

Front 11

Australopithecines

Back 11

~4-1mya~increased brain size and loss of ape like traits compared to pre-au’s~still relativly small brains (400-530cc)~nonhoning~varied mostly in size and robusticity~ most had small brains, small canines, large premolars, and large molars~had varied locomotion ~more specialized diet, bigger chewing complex, and smaller brains than homos

Front 12

Australopithecus anamensis

Back 12

~4mya~oldest Au species~physically similar to ardipithicus~u shaped jaw (not parabolic)

Front 13

Australopithecus afarensis

Back 13

~2nd Au~3.6-3mya~bipedal~430cc~redction in tooth size~Lucy~laetoli footprints~selam~burtele fossil

Front 14

Australopithecus (Kenyanthropus) platyops

Back 14

~very similar to au afarensis

Front 15

Australopithecus africanus

Back 15

~3-2mya~450cc~may have consumed meat~taung baby

Front 16

Australopithecus garhi

Back 16

~gracile~2.5mya~450cc~humanlike limb ratio~ancestor of homo~first hominids to use tools

Front 17

Australopithecus aethiopicus

Back 17

~early robust~410cc~large teeth, large face, massive muscle attachments on cranium ~e. africa

Front 18

Australopithecus boisei

Back 18

~came from au. aethiopicus (late robust)~2.3-1.2mya~e. africa~510cc~large teeth, large face, massive muscle attachments on cranium

Front 19

Australopithecus robustus

Back 19

~came from Au. Africanus~2-1.2mya~large teeth, large face, massive muscle attachments on cranium~530cc~S.africa

Front 20

Australopithecus sediba

Back 20

~lived same time as au robustus~S.africa~modern hand~came from au africanus

Front 21

Basal anthropoids

Back 21

~the first anthropoids ~“Ida” ~eocene~asia & africa

Front 22

Body fossils

Back 22

~ mineralized organic matter

~two types: -permineralization & cast(positive)/endocast(negative)

Front 23

Biostratigraphic dating

Back 23

~relative dating

~compares different fossil forms based on appearance

Front 24

Bipedalism

Back 24

~foramen magnum at bottom of skull~pelvis is short & broad ~long legs, short arms~s-shaped spine~arched foot~big toe is in line with other toes and is nonopposible~knees angled inwards~evolutionary trade offs: exposure to predators, back injury, inefficient circulatory system, feet are imperative ~first appeared 5mya

Front 25

Branisella

Back 25

~first group of new world monkeys (platyrrhines)~oligocene

~s. america

Front 26

Burtele fossil

Back 26

~divergent big toe

~shows that at least 2 hominid species coexisted

Front 27

Cebidae v. Atelidae

Back 27

~haplorhini—anthropodia—platyrrhine—ceboidea:

-cebidae: no prehensile tails (cant grab with it)

-atelidae: only primates that have prehensile tails

Front 28

Ceboidea v. Cercopithecoidea

Back 28

~ceboidea -new world monkeys

~cercopithecoidea -old world monkeys

Front 29

Cercopithecoidea v. Hominidae

Back 29

~the two super families of catarrhini

~cercopithecoidea: -old world monkeys -all have ischial callosities(butt pads)

~hominidae: -apes & humans -two subfamilies: hylobatidae (lesser apes) & hominidae (great apes & humans)

Front 30

Clovis

Back 30

~paleoindians~only found in N. america~large, fluted, bifacial projectile points used as spear points for big game hunting

Front 31

Cultural dating

Back 31

~relative dating~changes in material culture to establish a chronology

Front 32

Dendrochronology

Back 32

~absolute dating~tree ring dating ~ <11kya

Front 33

Dental formula (New World, Old World)

Back 33

~new world monkey: 2.1.3.2(3)~old world: 2.1.2.3~apes&humans: 2.1.2.3

Front 34

Diastema

Back 34

~space between lower canine and 3rd premolar where the upper large canine fits~usually in owm and apes

Front 35

Dietary plasticity

Back 35

~can eat anything & everything

~multiple tooth types: incisor, canine,premolar, molar

~reduction in # of teeth

Front 36

Fayum, Egypt

Back 36

~very rich record of early primate evolution

~is now a desert but use to be a swampy forest

Front 37

Fission track dating

Back 37

~absolute dating

~quantifying track marks

~dates volcanic ash/glass

~mya

Front 38

Fluorine dating

Back 38

~relative dating

~measures levels of fluorine in bones to determine relative age

~the more fluorine, the longer its been in the ground

Front 39

Folsom

Back 39

~paleoindian

~specialized, fluted projectile point

Front 40

Fossil

Back 40

~remains of an organism chemically changed into a rock

~3.4 billion is the oldest fossil found

~1% of fossils have been discovered

~two types: body & trace fossils

~an anoxic environment (no oxygen) is needed to make fossils

~places that produce lots of fossils: Fayum in Egypt, Olduvai Gorge in E. Africa (hominid fossils)~relative vs. numerical (absolute) dating

Front 41

Hominid v. Hominin

Back 41

~hominid: all modern and extinct great apes ~hominin: modern and extinct humans and immediate ancestors-----bipedality & nonhoning chewing -little sexual dimorphism

Front 42

Hominidae v. Homininae

Back 42

~homininae (chimps, bonobos, & humans) is apart of hominidae (great apes & humans)

Front 43

Homo habilis

Back 43

~E & S africa

~2.5-1.8mya

~1st homo species

~630cc

~smaller chewing complex

~more rounded skull

~very different from robust AU’s

~similar postcrania to later AU’s (short)

~reliance on tools

~habitat changes & adaptive variability

Front 44

Homo erectus

Back 44

~1st species out of africa~large brow ridges compared to modern humans~occipital bun (shows brain expansion) ~low domed, sloping forehead~thick skull ~smaller teeth~sagital keel~900cc~about 6ft~acheulian tool tradition ~no more arborial life~big jump in height from h. habilis~big game eating~control of fire ~loss of hair allowed them to sweat which allowed for long distance and endurance hunting

Front 45

Homo ergaster

Back 45

~some think it should be a separate species than h. erectus

~has a smaller brain and smaller cranial traits

Front 46

Homo floresiensis

Back 46

~indonesia

~ ‘the hobbit’

~18kya

~3ft tall

~ believed to be a miniature version of h. erectus

Front 47

Homo heidelbergensis

Back 47

~600-200kya~N.africa, asia, europe~very similar to h. ergaster~1100-1400cc

Front 48

Homo neanderthalensis

Back 48

~middle east, europe~130-24kya~adapted to cold -mide nasal apertures; wide, stocky body; short limbs ~projecting face~occipital bun~1600cc (bigger brains than modern humans)~burials with flowers~speech~big game hunting

Front 49

Homo rudolfensis

Back 49

~some people believe it is a separate species from H. habilis and some think it is just variability within the same species ~has a larger body and brain size

Front 50

Homo sapiens

Back 50

~likely to have evolved from h. heidelbergensis~archaic & modern

~modern: round,tall skull; vertical forehead; small face/teeth; chin; gracile post crania

~modern h.s. and neanderthals had 4,000 years of overlap

Front 51

Hunting hypothesis

Back 51

~bipedalism freed the hands for carrying weapons/tools~made by darwin~brain expansion 1st step to being hominid~ ^this was wrong

Front 52

Infanticide

Back 52

~the killing of a juvenile often done by a foreign male that has driven the single male out in a polygynous group

Front 53

Ischial callosities

Back 53

~buttpads

~all cercopithecodea (OW monkeys) have them

Front 54

Kennewick man

Back 54

~represents paleoindians

Front 55

Laetoli footprints

Back 55

~ancient hominin footprints found in tanzania~showed a nondivergant big tow~proved that au afarinsis was bipedal

Front 56

Law of Superposition

Back 56

~the relative age of one event with respect to another

~lower level in ground= older

Front 57

Lemuriformea v. Tarsiformes v. Anthropoidea

Back 57

~lemuriformea: strepsirhini; lemurs, lorises, galagos;

~tarsiformes: haplorhini; tarsiers (bulbous eyes, nocturnal)

~anthropoidea: haplorhini; monkeys,apes,and humans

Front 58

Levallois

Back 58

mousterian~complex flaking of rocks~hunted then butchered animals with it~used by h. neanderthalensis

Front 59

Lucy

Back 59

~ female Au. afarensis~ 40% of skeleton was found~ 3.6-3mya~ “the missing link between chimp & human”~E. Africa

Front 60

Luminescence dating

Back 60

~absolute~measures the suns exposure to sediment ~ <800kya~the brighter it is, the older it is

Front 61

Middle Paleolithic

Back 61

~middle stone age

~mousterian tool technique emerged

Front 62

Molecular clock

Back 62

~looking for the amount of mutations and genetic differences in an organism

~makes it possible to see the amount of time since two species diverged

Front 63

Monkeys v. Apes

Back 63

~monkeys: -tail -upper limbs < lower limbs

~apes -upper limbs≥ lower limbs -larger -more upright -only found in old world

Front 64

Mousterian

Back 64

~tool technique that emerged in middle paleolithic ~used by neanderthals ~reduction in used of large tools such as the hand axe~complex flaking technique became more common

Front 65

Nariokotome

Back 65

~tall and gracile skeleton found in E. africa~1.6mya

Front 66

Non-honing chewing

Back 66

~no slicing, like apes

~mainly grinding

~smaller canines

Front 67

Oldowan complex

Back 67

~the stone tool culture associated with homo habilis and possibly au garhi

~primitive stone tools

Front 68

Origins of New World primates

Back 68

1. owm started in N. america and migrated to S.america

2. owm started in africa and migrated to S. america

3. owm crossed antartica to get to S. america

4. nwm evolved independently

Front 69

Orrorin tugenensis

Back 69

~pre-australopithecine~6mya~earliest definite bipdealism~nonhoning~curved finger bones (ancient trait)

Front 70

Out-of-Africa (Single Origin) v. Multiregional continuity

Back 70

~out of africa: modern H.S. evolved in africa, then spread to asia and europe and replaced archaic H.S.

~multiregional: shift to modern H.S. was regional & did not involve replacement; requires constant gene flow

Front 71

Paleoinidians

Back 71

~1st group of american ‘immigrants’ ~15kya based on studies of mtDNA mutations~clovis complex (very sharp hunting tool)

Front 72

Paleomagnetic dating

Back 72

~absolute~uses changes in the Earths magnetic field to date rock~kya-mya~better for relatively recent

Front 73

Parabolic v. U-shaped jaw

Back 73

~parabolic: wider jaw, humans have this~monkeys have u-shaped

Front 74

Paranthropus

Back 74

~another word for robust Au’s

Front 75

Parental investment

Back 75

~increased time & energy into single offspring~longer developmental period~increased brain size and social complexity ~fewer offspring ~spaces between births

Front 76

Patchy Forest Hypothesis

Back 76

~bipedalism arose due to environmental adaptation

Front 77

Phylogeny

Back 77

~the evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms

Front 78

Piltdown Hoax

Back 78

~found in early 20th century, england~appeared modern with large cranial capacity but teeth like apes~different dates for the skull and jawbone ~found out it was an orangutang’s jaw with a modern human skull~took 40 years to realize

Front 79

Platyrrhini v. Catarrhini

Back 79

~platyrrhines -new world monkeys -shperical nostrils separated by a septum

~catarrhines -old world monkeys, apes, humans -linear nostrils -no septum (nostrils meet)

Front 80

The first primate

Back 80

~cenozoic ~Plesiadapiforms -lacks some key primate characteristics —> probably not primate~Euprimates -the 1st true primate -eocene, 55mya -two types: adapids & omomyids

Front 81

Polyandry

Back 81

~1 female, multiple males

Front 82

Polygyny

Back 82

~1 male, multiple females

Front 83

Polygamy

Back 83

~multipule males & females~ex: bonobos

Front 84

Pre-australopithecines

Back 84

~the 1st hominins~east africa~sahelanthropus tchadensis~orrorin tugenensis~ardipithecus kadabha~ardipithecus ramidus

Front 85

Prehensile tail

Back 85

~tails that can grab

~ateladie

Front 86

Primate (defining characteristics)

Back 86

~large brains in comparison to body~enhanced touch~dietary plasticity, arboreal adaptation, parental investment ~grasping~fingernails ~stereoscopic vision (forward facing eyes)~enhanced eyesight and sense of touch~reduced smell (small snouts) and hearing~societies are highly organized ~have long term relationships~developed social signals ~extremely adaptive~very social, communal cleaning, physically express their feelings

Front 87

Primate language

Back 87

~koko -gorilla -sign language

~kanzi -bonobo -lexigram (symbols representing a word)

Front 88

Primate residence patterns

Back 88

~polygyny~polyandry~polygamy~monogamy~all male~solitary

Front 89

Primate social signals

Back 89

~cooperation: -established territory -attacks -share food -grooming

~altruism: -warning vocalization ~emotion

~aggression: -show canines -beat chest -lip flip

Front 90

Proconsul

Back 90

~monkey-ape divergence ~a genus of early miocene apes from Africa~ancestral to catarrhines ~body is monkey like: equal limbs but teeth are ape like

Front 91

Prognathism

Back 91

~when the jaw sticks out farther than the skull

Front 92

Provisioning hypothesis

Back 92

~sexual selection for males assisting females in procuring food

Front 93

Radiocarbon dating

Back 93

~absolute dating~measures the halflife of carbon isotopes ~50-70kya~needs to be something that was once alive (organic) (plants, bones, ect)

Front 94

Radiopotassium dating

Back 94

~absolute dating~measures the potassium in volcanic rock associated with fossils~ >200kya~have to have volcanic rock

Front 95

Reconstruction of paleoenvironment

Back 95

~use of skeletal morphology to infer ancient environment ~ie: long legs, long arms: trees!

Front 96

Relative dating

Back 96

~not giving a certain date, saying its relatively younger or older -law of superposition -stratigraphic correlation -flourine dating -biostratigraphic dating -cultural dating

Front 97

Rhinarium

Back 97

~wet nose

Front 98

Sagittal crest

Back 98

~ridge of bone running lengthwise top of the head

Front 99

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Back 99

~the earliest pre-australopithecine~more ape-like than human like~7-6mya~relatively small head, massive brow ridge~350cc~possibly bipedal~e. africa~nonhoning chewing

Front 100

Sivapithecus

Back 100

~Asia~miocene~12-8mya~ansestor to orangutans

Front 101

Stratigraphic correlation

Back 101

~relative dating~saying that something is younger or older than something else

Front 102

Strepsirhini v. Haplorhini

Back 102

~strepsirhini: -oldest living primates (look rat like) -rhinarium (wet nose) -heightened sense of smell -tooth comb -combo nails/claws -farther away from humans -mostly nocturnal -smaller brain -more specialized diet -lemurs, lorises, and galagos (bushbabies)

~haplorhini: -larger brains -dry noses -sexually dimorphic -fewer teeth -color vision -super families: tarsier &anthropordia(platyrrhines & catarrhines—cebidae&atelidae)

Front 103

Taphonomy

Back 103

~the study of what happens to an organisms remains

Front 104

Theories of primate evolution

Back 104

~theories of why primates have grasping, claws, reduced smell, big brains, etc

~arboreal hypothesis: primate traits as adaption to life in the trees (ground—> trees)

~visual predation hypothesis: challenges arboreal hypothesis; preying on insects

~angiosperm radiation hypothesis: fruit-bearing angiosperm plants would have been very praised by this species~probably a combo of the 3

Front 105

Tooth comb

Back 105

~when lower incisors and canines are long and very close together and are tilted forward creating a scraperdi~lemurs and lorises have this

Front 106

Traditional v. Cladistic Primate organization

Back 106

~traditional: prosimians & anthropoids (based on anatomical complexity)

~cladistic:strepsirhines & haplorhines (based an ancestral decent)

Front 107

Y-5

Back 107

~apes and humans have a lower molar with 5 separate cusps separated by grooves

Front 108

Zhoukoudian

Back 108

~first evidence for controlled fire usage (burnt soil, fire pits)~780-400kya~homoerectus remains

Front 109

Gigantopithecus

Back 109

~a miocene pongid~asia~the largest primate that ever lived

Front 110

Why did hominids emerge?

Back 110

~hunting hypothesis~patchy forest hypothesis ~provisioning hypothesis