Anthro Midterm 2

Front 1

Polytypic species

Back 1

many variations within a species. Humans are polytypic.

Front 2

Population genetics

Back 2

the study of genetic variation between and within different groups

Front 3

Microevolutionary forces

Back 3

Evolution resulting from a succession of relatively small genetic variations that often cause the formation of new subspecies

Front 4

Name four microevolutionary forces

Back 4

gene flow
gene drift
mutation
natural selection

Front 5

Why is race concept rejected?

Back 5

No biological basis
Classification of humans into races subjective
A social and cultural construct
No traits unique to race
Greater genetic variation exists within races than between

Front 6

Define population

Back 6

A group whose members are more likely to mate with each other than those outside the group

Front 7

Polymorphism

Back 7

when a trait is controlled by a gene that has more than one allele present in the population

Front 8

Name some examples of polymorphic traits

Back 8

ABO
RH blood system
Lactose tolerance
Sickle cell disease
earwax

Front 9

How many phenotypes and genotypes are in the ABO blood system?

Back 9

3 possible alleles, 6 genotypes, 4 possible phenotypes (AB, B, A, O)

Front 10

Agglutination

Back 10

red blood cells clump when blood type is mismatched

Front 11

What are the most common and least common blood types?

Back 11

O is the most common, B is the least common.

Front 12

What blood types offer some protection against which diseases?

Back 12

A&B are more prominent where bacterial infections pose greatest risk. O is more common where viral infection is at risk. B susceptible to e. coli, A susceptible to small pox. O susceptible to cholera and plague.

Front 13

RH blood system

Back 13

Plays a role in miscarriage rate, When mother has Rh negative, the second and subsequent children might have it.

Front 14

Where is Rh negative seen?

Back 14

Basque population. Rarely seen in Native American and Australian.

Front 15

How do heterozygotes for sickle cell protect against malaria?

Back 15

Parasite that causes malaria can't live in misshapen cells.

Front 16

Which sickle cell alele has the higher reproductive fitness?

Back 16

The heterozygote because it is not susceptible to sickle cell disease or to malaria. This is called heterozygote advantage.

Front 17

What is balanced polymorphism?

Back 17

When both alleles are maintained in a population because it is found at equal levels.

Front 18

Acclimatization

Back 18

temporary adaptation, which is reversible after organism leaves the condition.

Front 19

Adaptability

Back 19

Developmental. Permanent adaptation for an invidual that is not inherited.

Front 20

Adaptation

Back 20

Genetic adaptation is passed on to next generation through the process of selection.

Front 21

Name three types of environmental stressors

Back 21

Solar radiation, thermal stress, altitudinal stress

Front 22

Name four ways humans deal with thermal stress

Back 22

Sweating, vasodilation, vasoconstriction, shivering.

Front 23

Bergmann's rule

Back 23

Body size has greater volume in cold regions than in tropics to conserve body temperature (less surface area)

Front 24

Allen's rule

Back 24

Limb size is longer in warm climates (and therefore more surface area) than those in cold climates.

Front 25

Name three stressors at high altitudes

Back 25

Hypoxia, radiation, extreme cold.

Front 26

Name the acclimatization, adaptability and genetic adaptation to high altidue

Back 26

1) increased breathing rate, heart rate and red cell production.
2) larger lung size, haeart and rib cage (for children who move to high altitudes)
3) Higher breathing rate (Tibet), red cell production (Andes), increased blood flow to uterus during pregnancy (Tibet)

Front 27

What are advantages of increased or decreased melanin?

Back 27

Lighter skin can absorb vitamin D better, which is helpful in northern climates and darker skin prevents folate destruction from UVR.