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20 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Adaptations of Bipedalism

- vertebral column


- pelvis


- femur and tibia


- feet


- hands


- foramen magnum postition


- larger cranial capacity


- face and jaw


- teeth

Vertebral column changes

Humans: difference in size between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae



Apes: same size throughout vertebral column

Pelvis changes

Humans: bowl shaped and the gluteal muscles act as stabilizers for the hip



Apes: long, skinny ilium

Femur changes

Humans: straight and angled inward; strong adductor muscle group (brings leg forward while walking), tibia and femur make an angle called bicondylar angle (carrying angle)



Apes: weak adductor muscles; straight femur, positioned downward

Feet changes

Humans: foot designed for terrestrial distance walking, toes in line, longitudinal arch, large calcaneus bone



Apes: grasping big toe, all toes same size - long, no longitudinal arch

Hand changes

Humans: tip of thumb wider in humans, provides expanded area for muscle attachments, perfectly opposable thumb



Apes: thin thumb tip, lacks extensive muscle attachment site

Position of foramen magnum

Humans: only cranial feature to indicate posture, more anterior in humans



Apes: more posterior

Cranial capacity

Humans: maximum breadth high on paretials, no post-orbital constriction, large brains fill space



Apes: maximum breadth at base of skull, post-orbital constriction varies, smaller brains

Face changes

Humans: orthgnathic



Apes: prognathic, forward jutting jaw

Jaw changes

Humans: parabolic dental arcade, gracile mandible, chin



Apes: rectangular dental arcade, robust, simian shelf; chewing force: sagittal crest, flaring of zygomatic arches

Teeth changes

Humans: molars decrease in size toward back M1>M2>M3



Apes: canine shearing complex, diastema, molars increase towards back M3>M2>M1

How many species of the human line have been discovered?

18

Earliest hominid

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Early hominids after S. tchadensis

- Orrorin tugenensis


- Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi)


- Ardipithecus kadabba



Have grasping big toe

Characteristics of Australopiths

- 11 species from 5-6 genera


- small brain


- ape-like head


- rather human-like body

Three Australopith fossil groups

- primitive


- gracile


- robust

Primitive Australopith fossils

- Australopithecus anamensis


- Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy)

Kenyathropus platyops characteristics

- might be separate species


- found in 2001


- could be A. Afarensis

Gracile Australopith fossils

- Australopithecus africanus


- Australopithecus garhi

Robust Australopith fossils

- Australopitheucs robustus


- Australopithecus boisei


- Australopithecus aethiopicus



Have sagittal crest