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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Adaptations of Bipedalism |
- vertebral column - pelvis - femur and tibia - feet - hands - foramen magnum postition - larger cranial capacity - face and jaw - teeth |
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Vertebral column changes |
Humans: difference in size between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae
Apes: same size throughout vertebral column |
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Pelvis changes |
Humans: bowl shaped and the gluteal muscles act as stabilizers for the hip
Apes: long, skinny ilium |
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Femur changes |
Humans: straight and angled inward; strong adductor muscle group (brings leg forward while walking), tibia and femur make an angle called bicondylar angle (carrying angle)
Apes: weak adductor muscles; straight femur, positioned downward |
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Feet changes |
Humans: foot designed for terrestrial distance walking, toes in line, longitudinal arch, large calcaneus bone
Apes: grasping big toe, all toes same size - long, no longitudinal arch |
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Hand changes |
Humans: tip of thumb wider in humans, provides expanded area for muscle attachments, perfectly opposable thumb
Apes: thin thumb tip, lacks extensive muscle attachment site |
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Position of foramen magnum |
Humans: only cranial feature to indicate posture, more anterior in humans
Apes: more posterior |
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Cranial capacity |
Humans: maximum breadth high on paretials, no post-orbital constriction, large brains fill space
Apes: maximum breadth at base of skull, post-orbital constriction varies, smaller brains |
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Face changes |
Humans: orthgnathic
Apes: prognathic, forward jutting jaw |
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Jaw changes |
Humans: parabolic dental arcade, gracile mandible, chin
Apes: rectangular dental arcade, robust, simian shelf; chewing force: sagittal crest, flaring of zygomatic arches |
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Teeth changes |
Humans: molars decrease in size toward back M1>M2>M3
Apes: canine shearing complex, diastema, molars increase towards back M3>M2>M1 |
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How many species of the human line have been discovered? |
18 |
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Earliest hominid |
Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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Early hominids after S. tchadensis |
- Orrorin tugenensis - Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi) - Ardipithecus kadabba
Have grasping big toe |
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Characteristics of Australopiths |
- 11 species from 5-6 genera - small brain - ape-like head - rather human-like body |
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Three Australopith fossil groups |
- primitive - gracile - robust |
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Primitive Australopith fossils |
- Australopithecus anamensis - Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy) |
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Kenyathropus platyops characteristics |
- might be separate species - found in 2001 - could be A. Afarensis |
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Gracile Australopith fossils |
- Australopithecus africanus - Australopithecus garhi |
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Robust Australopith fossils |
- Australopitheucs robustus - Australopithecus boisei - Australopithecus aethiopicus
Have sagittal crest |