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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a world view? |
An encompassing picture of reality created by members of a society. One society can contain multiple worldviews and not everyone agrees on every aspect of it |
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What is a metaphor? |
Form of thought/language that asserts a meaningful link between 2 expressions from different semantic domains. You choose to use a metaphor because literal language isn't equal to the task of expressing depth of meaning we intend. Context is key |
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What is a metaphorical subject? what is the metaphorical predicate? |
Subject: the 1st part of the metaphor, which indicates the domain of experience which needs to be clarified ('the Lord') Predicate: 2nd part of a metaphor, which suggests the familiar domain of experience that may clarify the metaphorical subject (sheparding) |
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What are Metaphorical Entailments? |
All the attributes of a metaphorical predicate that relate it to the culturally defined domain of experience to which it belongs. (for example, all shepard qualities and deciding which pertains to the Lord) |
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What is metonymy? |
The culturally defined relationship of the parts of a semantic domain to the domain as a whole and the whole of its parts. Meaningful elements are culturally defined. People think their way of doing something looks correct in comparison ot others |
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What are some functions of symbols? |
Summarize and elaborate on concepts, reminder connection of insights (the image of a shepard talking about the Lord). They can be used to refer to a self-evident truth when seeking to eliminate or impose certain forms of conduct. They may also be under direct control of a person. Elaborating symbols allow people to reflect on their experiences and explain other things using that element too |
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What are key metaphors? |
Metaphors that serve as a foundation for world view. They make sense of experience in a variety of circumstances. There are 3 realms of experience: Societal, organic and technological |
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What is a societal metaphor? |
A world view metaphor whose model for the world is the social order. It is used by biologists studying cells (metaphor of an assembly line to explain society and cells). In modern thought, it is used to describe genes. |
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What is an organic metaphor? |
A world view metaphor that applies the image of the body to social structures/institutions. The body is divisible into different systems that all have a specialized task. Society can be viewed the same way - look at the tasks that must be performed and divide people up |
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What is a technological metaphor? |
A world view metaphor that employs objects made by humans as metaphorical predicates. "The body is a machine" |
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What is a computer metaphor? |
Technological metaphor that employs computers as metaphorical predicates. For example, comparing a computer to the brain and all of the processes/functions of it |
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What is religion? |
Ideas and practices that postulate reality beyond that which is immediately available to the senses. It assumes the existence of a supernatural domain and asks people to think about what does and does not exist (what is active in someone's world) |
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What are the 7 minimal categories of religious behavior? |
1) Prayer - How, when, address forces 2) Physiological exercise - manipulate psych state to induce spiritual state (drugs, fatigue, deprivation of food) 3) Exhortation - people with higher relationships to spiritual power must use it in spirit of others 4) Mana - Sacred things are to be touched so powers can be transferred 5) Taboo - objects/people can be touched or it may drain their power 6) Feasts - Passover, communion 7) Sacrifice - given in thanks, hopeful behavior influence |
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Describe the world view of the Huichol |
- Northern Mexico - Peyote hunt - go on a sacred journey to where they originated from - First, must sacrifice a deer as deer are seen as more powerful than people - Once entering homeland (Wirikuta), many ways of speaking and acting are reversed as things are so sacred there - Find Peyote, cut and eat first one, then hunt for many moire |
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discuss magic and the Azande tribe |
- Witches possess a substance called mangu; the older they are, the more potent their witchcraft - Witchcraft must be avenged by magic (witchcraft is very natural) - Employ trials as oracles to expose witchcraft - Feed chicken poison, as oracle to kill chicken if accused person is a witch; double check by having 2nd chicken eat poison and stay alive - Give chicken wing to accused person and they can make an appeal speech if they were unaware the were a witch |
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What kinds of experiences emphasize world views? |
Stable, repetitive, practical experiences; if circumstances become unpredictable or unstable, change your world view |
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What is syncretism? |
The synthesis of old religious practices (or an old way of life) with new religious practices (or a new way of life) introduced from the outside often by force. Essentially, merging 2 world views |
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What is revitalization? |
A conscious, deliberate, and organzied attempt by some members of a society to create a more satisfying culture in a time of crisis |
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What were some world view challenges as seen by Fang? |
1. reality of "far away" represented by French colonialism challenged the "near and familiar" 2. Traditional powers of "below" challenges by missionaries talking about "the above" 3. colonial life challenged cohesion |
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What is secularism? |
The separation of religion and state, including a notion of secular citizenship that owes much to the notion of individual agency developed in Protestant theology. It became a response to specific religious, political and economic developments in early modern europe |
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What are Shamans? What are Priests? |
S: Part time religious practitioner in societies where there isn't a huge division of labour. He is believed to contact supernatural beings on behalf of other people or himself. You are a shaman forever and are chosen to be one. They can be very powerful but cause love-hate P: Religious practitioner skilled in conducting religious rituals. They don't always have direct contact with divine forces but their role is to make sure rituals occur properly. Belong to a hierarchy |
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What is social organization? |
The patterning of human independence in a given society through the actions and decisions of its members |
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What does population growth determine? |
Forms of social organization (but it can't answer every question about social organization) |
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What is power? |
Transformation capacity; the ability to transform a given situation. One group seen as having more power than any group is referred to as political power |
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What are the 3 types of political power? |
Visible - rules, structures, authorities, observable Hidden - influencing decisions dicreetly, often with negative consequences for groups with less social power Invisible - embedded in cultural norms, makes certain issues, interests and problems |
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What is structural power? |
Controls social settings and controls allocation of labour. For example, making clothes in cheap countries for powerful markets |
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What is political anthropology? What are the 3 phases? |
The study of political power in human society. - 1st phase: 1851-1939 as the formative era; earliest commentaries and basic orientations - 2nd phase: 1942-1971 is classic era; post WW2 investigating classic topics -3rd phase: Broader questions about power and inequality |
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What is the prototype of power? |
Physical coercion (fight) |
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What is a free agency? |
The freedom of self-contained individuals to pursue their own interests above everything else and to challenge one another for dominance |
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What are some facts about coercion? |
- Always played a role in control (fear of punishment) - Coercive rule is expensive and unstable |
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What is hegemony? |
A system of leadership in which rules persuade subordinates to accept the ideology of the dominant group by offering mutual accommodations that nevertheless preserve the rulers' privileged position. It is vulnerable to changes (rulers vs. groups challenging ideologies) and threatened by non-hegemonic practices |
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Discuss the Beng of the Ivory Coast |
- Witchcraft and Kingship important - The king is seen as owner of the earth and witches are immoral - When you become king, you must kill 3 of your family members in 1 year or you yourself will die - This shows commitment to the greater good of the population (as opposed to selfish agenda) |
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What is biopower? |
Forms of power exercised over persons specifically insofar as they are thought of as living beings |
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What is the political economy? |
Managing goods/wealth within family into management of the state |
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What is governmentality? |
The art of governing appropriate to promoting the welfare of populations within a state. It uses stats to identify probable events. However, stats can be dangerous if the government doesn't have the citizen's interests at heart |
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Power can't be equated with _____ alone |
physical violence |
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What are stateless societies? |
Power is entity existing in universe independent from humans; it can't be produced and accumulated through interactions (people can only gain access to power - power through prayer. Violence and power are contradictory) |
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What is resistance? |
The power to refuse being forced against one's will to conform to someone else's wishes |
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What is a consensus? |
An agreement to which all the parties collectively give their assent |
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What is persuasion? |
Power based on verbal argument, not physical intimidation. Usually, the chief of a tribe is a great speaker |
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True or false: All human activities take place in social, cultural and historical context, with freedom to interpret that context |
True |
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What is an anomie? |
A pervasive sense of rootlessness and normlessness in a society; associated with Durkheim |
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What is the modern prototype of an exploited person? |
Industrial labourer |
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What is alienation? |
The deep separation that individuals experience between their innermost sense of identity and the labour they are forced to perform in order to survive. Associated with Marx |
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What is the scars of bondage thesis? |
More complete exploitation, more deeply scarred |
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What is Bargaining for reality? |
Multiple definitions of traditional concepts; essentially, they have no fixed meaning |
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What are some reasons that the Malaysian Peasants couldn't rise up against their oppressors? |
- conflicting loyalties with local ties - Foolish of them; they need to feed their families and can't lose job - Engage in everyday forms of peasant resistance (challenge hegemony indirectly) |
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What are essentially negotiable concepts? |
Culturally recognized concepts that evoke a wide range of meanings and whose relevance in any particular context must be negotiated. This is involved in bargaining for reality |
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Discuss the Rondas Campesinas in Peru |
They are an alternative justice system.Created after the theft of animals increased and lack of peasant relief from the actual justice system. There is a weak government presence in the mountains. |
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What are some downsides to Rondas Campensinas? |
- Connected to political parties, so arguing weakens the system - They are challenging the government but not working to overthrow the state - Leaders can hoard power and show favoritism - Perpetuate patriarchy (no women on patrol) - Sometimes use violent measures to bring justice |
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Who is Michael Foucault? |
Behind biopower/biopolitics. Interested in population studies and the trajectory of power in Europe |
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What are the 5 reasons for the Rondas success? |
- Economic Crisis in Peru - No help from justice system - Weak government they could form their own institutions -outside support - idea of toughness or bravery in face of adversity |
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What are stratified societies? |
Societies in which there is a permanent hierarchy that accords some members privileged access to wealth, power and prestige |
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What are the 5 categories of inequality? |
1) Class 2) Caste 3) Race 4) Ethnicity 5) Nationality - All are designed to create boundaries |
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What is class? |
Ranked group within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation and/or access to power. They are social groups defined on economic grounds |
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What was Marx's view on classes? |
The old ruling class is just displaced by a new one. Class i equal to members' different relation to the means of production, and class consciousness could lead to a revolution (knowledge that a group is being treated unfairly) |
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What is clientage? |
Institution linking individuals from upper/lower levels in a stratified society. The focus is on individuals, not groups. |
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What is patron? |
The party of superior status in a clientage |
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What is the client? |
The inferior status in a clientage |
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What was one class problem faced in the 20th century? |
The "color bar" preventing upward class mobility |
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What were W. Lloyd Warner's thoughts on class? |
- Distinction between class and caste became the standard in anthropology - Class: Membership ascribed at birth, open classes and individual mobility - Caste: Membership ascribed at birth, but closed classes and no mobility |
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What is caste? |
Ranked group whose membership is based on inherited social roles. Caste systems are closed (individuals can't move from one level to another) and they combine elements of tribal affiliation, endogamy, class, occupation, moral and ritual |
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Discuss the Caste system in India |
Two main concepts: 1) Varna: A caste that refers to the widespread notion that Indian society is divided into 4 functional subdivisions: priests, warriors, farmers and merchants (more theoretical in nature) 2) Jati: A caste that refers to localized, named, endogamous groups (more significant). the Jati occupy certain positions in the hierarchy, marry amongst themselves, follow particular practices and occupations and levels of food (vegetarians are the highest level down to prok eaters) |
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What are 3 increasingly significant dimensions of Caste relations? |
- Jati membership matters most on ritual occasions - Middle rankers treat each other as equal outside of ritual contexts (class interests) - Middle rankers willing to use violence to block upward economic mobility of low rankers (threats to keep them in line) |
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What are some other examples of Caste systems? |
- Rwanda (<1959): Hutu, Tutsi and Twa - Roma vs. Non-roma (Gypsey is Roma) |
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What is race? |
Broad population category that allegedly corresponds to distinct, heritable sets of biological attributes and often conflates geographic ancestry and physical type. "Natural Kinds" of people are races. IT is important to remember that races are imagined communities and have NO biological base (genetically meaningless) |
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What is racialism? |
Belief in the existence of biologically distinct races |
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What is racism? |
Systematic oppression of 1+ socially defined races by another socially defined race that is justified in terms of supposedly inherent biological superiority of the rulers and supposed inherent biological inferiority of those they rule |
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True or false: White culture is a constant |
False - "white trash", British culture, other countries |
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Race is a _____ invention |
recent |
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Discuss the case of Race in Colonial Oaxaca |
- City in Mexico populated with Indigenous people before spanish settlers - Settlers used race to classify Indigenous (white, indigenous, black slaves) - Mixed races started to appear, created new Sistema de Castas - Mixed people had the most ambiguous status - In the late colonial period, racial status was achieved, not perscribed; just prove ancestors hadn't paid tribute |
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What were the 3 additional systems of classification in Colonial Oaxaca? |
1) Groups required to pay spanish crown 2) Gente de Razon (rational people) from Indos 3) Gente decente (respectable people) from la plebe (common people) |
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What is social race? |
An achieved status with a racial label in a system of stratification that is composed of open, class-like categories to which racial labels are assigned |
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What is colourism? |
A system of social identities negotiated situationally along a continuum of skin colors between white and black. no fixed identity, it is negotiated |
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What were the 3 systems of color classification in Nicaragua? |
1) Phenotypic: 3 categories used to describe (blanco, moreno, negro) 2) Polite: inflated phenotype system; everyone moves up one and blanco becomes chele 3) Pejorative/affectionate - 2 terms: chele and negro; both are heard as insulting, so use them when you feel imposed upon as they are informal |
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What is ethnicity? |
a social classification based on a common cultural heritage and selected cultural features such as language, religion or dress. Ethnicity emerges from groups into a single political structure under conditions of inequality. It is fluid, malleable, and voluntarily embraced or ignored |
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What are ethnic groups? |
Social groups that are distinguished from one another on basis of ethnicity |
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Ethnicity is a ____ constructed concept |
Culturally |
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Discuss the ethnicity example of Guidar, Cameroon |
- Fulbe dominant until post WW2 when immigrants came - Fulbe eventually became an achieved status; adopt their language, religion and way of life to become Fulbe |
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What does ethnicity need to be supplemented with to distinguish groups? |
notion of race |
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What is objectification? |
The internal construction of a collective public identity; it is the process that produces what we commonly think of as ethnicity (ethnic rights, evoked situationally). Take someone and turn them into an object |
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What is reification? |
A form of negative racial or ethnic absolutism that encourages the violent elimination of targeted groups and is central to the practice of racism. (violence distingushes racism from ethnicity) Take an idea and make it into a thing |
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What is nationality? |
A sense of identification with and loyalty to a nation state membership, defined by citizenship, in a geopolitical sovereign state |
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What is the nation-state? |
An ideal political unit in which national identity and political territory coincide |
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What are nations? |
Groups of people believed to share the same history, culture, language and even same physical substance |
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what is nationbuilding/nationalism? |
The attempt made by government officials to instill a sense of nationality into the citizens of the state |
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What is transformist hegemony? |
A nationalist program to define nationality in a way that preserves the cultural domination of the ruling group while including enough cultural features from subordinated groups to ensure their loyalty |
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Discuss the case of Australian Nationalism |
- Settlers did as they saw fit with no regard for aboriginals - Should they create new affirming Indigenous rights? - the Mabo decision: revival of indigenous lands and customs |
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What are Naturalizing discourses? |
the deliberate representation of particular identities (caste, etc) as if they were a result of biology or nature rather than history or culture, making them appear eternal or unchanging. Imaginary reduction of identities to achieve persuasive power |
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Discuss Sherry Ortner and Eleanor Leacock's views on Gender |
Ortner: Male dominance is universal and based on binary thinking; men are associated with culture and women with nature. Culture dominates over nature so that's why there is a hierarchy Leacock: Provided a lot of data disproving Ortner; male dominance is not universal |
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What do supertribes do? |
Create identities |
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What is the paradox of essentialized identities? |
Essentializing discourses have been used to oppress indigenous peoples. These same discourses can be used by indigenous peoples |
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What are the two phases of anthropology theorizing? |
- Post ww2-1989: 1st, 2nd and 3rd world struggled - 1989-now: Dismantling economic and political barriers separating 1st to 3rd world; globalization |
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What does the 4th world include? |
indigenous peoples living in neo-colonial/ex-colonial areas |
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What is modernization theory? |
A theory that argues that the social change occuring in non-Western societies under colonial rule was a necessary and inevitable prelude to higher levels of social development that had been reached by the more modern nations. this can be a positive process as it teaches capitalist skills but some see this theory as relying on exploitation |
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What is Dependency theory? |
A theory that argues that the success of "independent" capitalist nations has required the failure of "dependent" colonies or nations whose economies have been distorted to serve the needs of dominant capitalist outsiders. without colonies, countries can never hope to be modern. The west would not have prospered or have been modern if the colonial powers hadn't expropriated the wealth of others to fuel development |
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What is the World-Systems Theory? |
A theory that argues that, from late 15th to early 16th century, European capitalism began to incorporate other regions/peoples into a world system whose parts were linked economically but not politically. World economy; Exploitative relations are embedded |
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What is core? |
In world-system theory, the nations specializing in banking, finance, and highly skilled industrial production; exploited periphery |
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What is periphery? |
In world-systems theory, those exploited former colonies that supply the core with cheap food and raw materials. They practiced coerced labour to produce goods to support core industries |
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What is semi-periphery? |
In World-Systems theory, states that have played peripheral roles in the past, but that now have sufficient industrial capacity and other resources to possibly achieve core status in the future |
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What is the critique of World-Systems theory? |
Only 2 possible states for change: 1) Units in system may change roles 2) System may be transformed into something else as result of system-wide socialist revolution |
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What is globalization? |
Reshaping of local conditions by powerful local forces on an ever-intensifying scale. It is the intensification of global interconnectedness and doesn't affect everyone in the same way. The de-territorialization of people/cultures that once seemed to be in a firm location and re-territorize in new location |
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What is stratified reproduction? |
Some people are empowered to nurture and reproduce while others are not |
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What is global social organization? |
Consists of international order of independent nation-states (weakened boundaries) |
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What is disapora? |
Migrant populations with a shared identity who live in a variety of different locales around the world; a form of transborder identity that does not focus on nation-building |
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What are long-distance nationalists? |
Members of a disporia who begin to organize in support of nationalist struggled in their homeland or to agitate for a state of their own. There is little attachment to state, and they advocate for homeland interests |
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What is a transborder state? |
A form of state in which it is claimed that those people who left the country and their descendents remain part of their ancestral state, even if they are citizens of another state |
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What is transborder citizenry? |
A group made up of citizens of a country who continue to live in the homeland plus the people who have emigrated from the country and their descendents, regardless of their current citizenship |
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What are some difficulties that transborder citizenries? |
- Efforts at nation building sometimes blocked by political forces in homeland who don't welcome their contributions - New settled state may not welcome continued involvement of transborder citizenry in affairs of another state |
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What are apparent states? |
Look like nation states but can't meet the needs of the people |
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What is legal citizenship? |
Rights/obligations of citizenship accorded by laws of a state |
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What is a substantive citizenship? |
The actions people take, regardless of their legal citizenship status, to assert their membership in a state and to bring about political changes that will improve their lives |
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What are transnational nation-states? |
Nation states in which the relationships between citizens and their states extend to wherever citizens reside |
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What is flexible citizenship? |
The strategies and effects employed by managers, technocrats, and pros who regularly move across the state boundaries and who seek both to circumvent and benefit from different nation state regimes |
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What are post-national ethos? |
An attitude towards the world in which people submit to the governmentality of the capitalist market while trying to evade the governmentality of nation-states. True loyalty is to the family business |
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What are human rights? |
A set of rights that should be accorded to all human beings anywhere in the world |
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What is multiculturalism? |
Living permanantly in settings surrounded by people with cultural backgrounds different from your own and struggling to define the degree to which the cultural beliefs and practices of different groups should or should not be accorded respect/recognition by the wider society |
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What are the 2 arguments that have developed for talking about the way human rights and culture are related? |
1) Human rights are opposed to culture and the two can't be reconciled - Culture is bound and unchanging - Society only had 1 culture - Criticized view - This view is a human rights violation - use culture as excuse not to extend rights 2) Key universal human right is one's right to culture - Both begin from different premises - People should be free to observe practices without outside interference - Human rights are individual |
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The culture of human rights can be called the ____? |
Anti-politics machine |
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What kinds of human rights claims are admissible? |
- Not group claims, only individual - not ethical remedies - Must learn how to craft your case to fit the laws - protect your rights to practice culture freely |
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Discuss Child Prostitution in Thailand
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- Thought the men they worked for were trustworthy - Mothers claimed they didn't know children were involved until it was too late - Cultural views as to when childhood ends - Human rights violation - Assurance of one right often occurs at the expense of the others (remove from prostitution but goes back to family that has no food) |
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What is cultural imperialism? |
The idea that some cultures dominate other cultures and that cultural domination by 1 culture leads inevitably to the destruction of subordinated cultures and their replacement by the culture of those in power. West domination is "responsible" for destroying local culture |
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What are the reasons that cultural imperialism seemed dissatisfactory for Western culture spread? |
1) Cultural imperialism denies agency to non-western people who make use of Western cultural forms 2) Assumes people never move to western culture 3) Sometimes cultures more and bypass the west |
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What is borrowing with modification? |
Borrow items and customize them to meet the purpose of the borrowers. For example, indoor stoves so Otavalan women can have more time to weave. Do old things in new ways and new things well |
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What is hybridity? |
Cultural mixing |
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What is modern discourse? post modern discourse? |
M: Enlightenment assumptions (rationality, science, capitalism) P: calls enlightenment assumptions into question |
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What is the hybridity question? |
- Is it truly mixed? - they are 2 pure cultures coming together - Pure cultures aren't supposed to exist (paradox)
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Hybridity is different if you have ____ |
Power - Resist new culture if it seems to threaten moral integrity - Class, multiculturalism, elites vs. non-elites |
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What is cosmpolitanism? |
Being at ease in more than 1 cultural setting. Usually associated with western elites |
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What are some of Werbner's Ideas? |
- Might be advantage over "cultures" if we think of cultural hybridization as process. Cultural processes either lead to ethnicity or to racism. This is similar to border thinking |
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What is border thinking? |
Produces critical cosmo which can dismantle traditional colonial barriers |
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Who are the Kayapo? |
- Indigenous group in Brazil - Faced encroachment on their lands; government wanted to build a damn that would flood their lands - Gained national attention through concerts and protests |
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What isCEDAW? |
Group that delclared violence against women was violation of human rights (first time this had been declared) |
