Anthro Final

Front 1

Tradition

Back 1

Groups of artifacts that are similar over a large geographic area and persist for a substantial period of time

Front 2

Complex

Back 2

Groups of artifacts that are similar over a limited area for a short period of time

Front 3

Characteristics of Projectile Points

Back 3

1.Sharp cutting point
2. Sharp cutting edges
3. Hafting element that absorbs impact
4. Design that minimizes damage

Front 4

Eastern Beringian Tradition: Phase I, Dyuktai Complex

Back 4

1. 12,000 BP
2. Land connection between Siberia and Alaska
3. Microblades (cores) at Swan Point, Broken Mammoth with Yubetsu flaking technique
4. Other Lithics: burins, scrapers, ivory rods, heavy choppers

Front 5

Swan Point

Back 5

1. Dyuktai lithic artifacts and poorly preserved fauna uncovered at base of loess deposit
2. 14,150-13,800 cal BP
3. Radiocarbon date range 12,000-11,500 BP

Front 6

Broken Mammoth

Back 6

1. Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene loess deposits, rich with calcium carbonate
2. Well-preserved butchered remains of birds and mammals in unequivocal stratigraphic context with human-made stone tools and hearth charcoal
3. Radiocarbon date range: 11,700-11,000 BP

Front 7

Eastern Beringian Tradition: Phase II, Nenana/Chindadn

Back 7

1. ca. 10,000 BP
2. Land connection disappears, animal extinctions, climate change, forestation
3. Nenana and Tenana Valleys are the oldest sites found in Alaska
4. Tenana houses Swan Point and Broken Mammoth
5. Lithics: NO microblades, flankes, blades burins, hammer and anvil stones
-Nenana: concave-base lanceolate points
-Chindadn: triangular or tear-drop shaped knives
6. Nenana Complex Economy: Generalized with no mammoth hunting and obsidian sourcing

Front 8

Upward Sun River Site (Nenana Complex)

Back 8

1. Partially cremated remains of a 3-year old child in a small pit (11,500 BP)
2. Faunal remains of salmon, ground squirrels and ptarmigan

Front 9

American Paleoarctic Tradition

Back 9

1. 10,500-8,000 BP
2. Three basic units:
-American Paleoarctic
-Denali complex
-Northwest Coast Microblade tradition
3. Geographically widespread with technological variation
4. Land connection with Siberia disappears, forestation, animal extictions
5. Onion Portage
6. Toolkit: microblade/cores, antler arrowpoints, stone abraders
7. Caribou and finishing along rivers
8. Coastal site in southern Alaska indicates marine mammal hunting (Anangula site)

Front 10

Denali Complex

Back 10

Bifacial biconvex knives, large blades, blade-like flakes, microblade cores, microblades, burins, burin spalls

Front 11

Paleoindian tradition

Back 11

(ca. 11,500 – 10,200 BP)
o Clovis complex (11,500 – 10,900 BP)
o Folsom complex (10,900 – 10,200 BP)
o Goshen complex (overlaps Clovis & Folsom)

Front 12

Plano tradition

Back 12

(ca. 10,200 - 8,000 BP)
o Southern Great Plains
 Plainview complex
o Northern Great Plains
 Agate Basin complex
 Hell Gap complex
 Cody complex

Front 13

Blackwater Draw

Back 13

1. New Mexico
2. First firm evidence of Clovis points firmly associated with mammoth
3. Fluted lanceolate points with concave bases and edge grinding near base
4. Bone & ivory foreshafts
5. Shaft “wrenches”
6. Large, thin bifaces
7. Large blades & blade cores
8. End/side scrapers
9. Gravers
10. Retouched flakes & hammerstones

Front 14

Clovis Kill Sites

Back 14

Dent, CO
Blackwater Draw, NM
Naco, AZ
Murray Springs, AZ
Lehner, AZ
Colby, WY*

Front 15

Colby, WY

Back 15

1. excavated by George Frison in 1962
2. Mammoth bone piled in an arroyo—seven mostly immature mammoths and one fetal mammoth
3. 463 bones concentrated in 2 piles or caches
4. One cache appears to have been opened, the other was not
5. Other animal bones included with the caches:
– Rabbit
– Pronghorn
– Camel
– Bison
6. Bone caches associated with several Clovis points 7. Site may have been an arroyo-kill area
8. However, there is no evidence of a processing area or camp
9. 3 dates on Mammoth bone sample: ca. 10,500 – 11,000 BP

Front 16

Folsom Complex

Back 16

1. 10,900 – 10,200 BP
2. Exceptionally well worked points
3. High quality, fine-grained materials
4. Great Plains primarily
o Folsom, NM
o Blackwater Draw, NM
5. Bison focus
o But also, deer, rabbit, antelope, fox, wolf, coyote, turtle

Front 17

Folsom Kill Sites

Back 17

Stewart’s Cattle Guard, S. Colorado
Lindenmeier Site, N. Colorado

Front 18

Goshen Complex

Back 18

Overlaps with Clovis and Folsom. Possibly transitional between them.
Unfluted "Clovis" points
Concave bases, thinned by pressure flaking

Front 19

Plainview Complex

Back 19

Part of Plano Tradition:
1. South of South Platte River drainage in central Colorado
2. Dennis Stanford lumps Goshen with Plainview as a North-South variant
3. Bison hunting near springs & watering holes

Front 20

Agate Basin Complex

Back 20

Part of Plano Tradition:
1. 10,200-9,500 BP
2. Parallel-sided midsection with basally constricted sides
3. Use of tipis? (post molds at Hell Gap site)
4. Continued bison hunting

Front 21

Hell Gap Complex

Back 21

Part of Plano Tradition:
1. Leaf-shaped points with parallel-sided stem
2. Post-dates & overlaps Agate Basin
3. Use of Knife River flint from North Dakota
4. More bison hunting

Front 22

Cody Complex

Back 22

Part of Plano Tradition:
1. 9,500 – 8,200 BP
2. Parallel-sided, shouldered points
3. Cody knives (from broken stemmed points?)
4. Once again, bison hunting

Front 23

Paleoindians in the Southeast

Back 23

1. Not glaciated in Wisconsin period
2. Major change in coastline, particularly in Florida
3. Virtually no dated sites
4. Massive regional variation

Front 24

Kimmswick, MO

Back 24

1. First discovered in 1839
2. Illinois State Museum excavations (1979, Russell Graham)
3. Clovis points in direct association with 60+ mastadons
4. 22 other species of animal
o Ground sloths
o Rabbit & white-tailed deer
5. Bog/peat/waterhole environment that animals got stuck in

Front 25

Clovis Controversy: Origin

Back 25

Traditional: Ice-Free Corridor/Siberia
Ronald Mason (1962): Clovis is US invention
Argument:
o Greatest diversity of fluted point forms is in Southeastern US
o Often where artifact form is most diverse is where it originated (similar to language
diversity)

Front 26

Clovis Dating Problem

Back 26

1) Beyond the Kimmswick Mastodon site, which is not itself directly dated, there are NO dated
Clovis occupations in the SE
2) Geomorphological conditions in the early Holocene were not conducive to site formation
processes (i.e., not much soil deposition)

Front 27

Redstone

Back 27

1. Early to Middle Paleoindian
o Very similar to Clovis

Front 28

Cumberland

Back 28

1. Narrower than the clovis
2. Has a constricted waist giving it a fish tail appears
3. Thicker
4. Flute extends almost the entire length of the point in some specimens
5. Named for the Cumberland Valley in southern Tennessee where the largest number are
found

Front 29

Suwannee/Simpson

Back 29

1. Fish-tailed point
2. Suwannee points are fluted; Simpson points are basally thinned
3. Found predominantly in Florida and Georgia
4. Has been found in underwater contexts
5. Harney Flats has Simpson points in context; however, no dates

Front 30

Quad/ Beaver Lake

Back 30

1. Beaver Lake points are occasionally fluted
2. Quad points are late Paleoindian and have been found in dated contexts
3. Quad points named for the Quad site in Alabama

Front 31

Dalton

Back 31

1. Defined in Missouri in the Jefferson City area by Judge Dalton, who was a local collector
2. Dates to between 10,950 – 9,900 BP
3. Found all over the SE US states in relatively prolific numbers, which suggest population
increase
4. Clovis points more than likely spear points
5. Dalton points more than likely Atlatl or throwing-stick points
6. Some atlatl enthusiasts call them the best atlatl points ever created
7. Evidence for woodworking at Dalton sites in the form of chipped-stone adzes
8. People adapted to new environment?

Front 32

Paleoindians in the Northeast

Back 32

“Eastern Fluted Point tradition”
 Two major environments
o Northern tundra/spruce parkland
o Southern boreal/deciduous forest

Front 33

NW Coast Microblade Tradition

Back 33

Alaskan panhandle sites (ca. 8200-9000 BP)
• Adapted to marine mammal hunting, salmon fishing, intertidal shellfish collecting, and
navigating rugged coast
• Microblade cores, microblades, constricting base & leaf-shaped bifaces
• OBSIDIAN traded widely

Front 34

On-Your-Knees Cave, Alaska

Back 34

Jim Dixon (archaeologist)
& Tim Heaton (paleontologist)
• Most extensive cave use between 9,500 & 8,500 B.P.
• Obsidian & quartz microblades, bifaces, flakes, cores
• Mt. Edziza obsidian had to have come down Stikine River and then over 80 km by water to
Prince of Wales Island
• Earliest dated human remains
o 10,300 ± 50 years BP
o Diet rich in marine foods
o mtDNA from tooth (Smith Molecular Anthropology Lab)
Haplogroup D (but new lineage)